实操博客应用
一、内容概述
| 模块 | 重要程度 | 主要内容 |
|---|---|---|
| 项目初始化 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 创建项目和应用 |
| 模型设计 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 文章、评论、用户模型 |
| 视图实现 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 增删改查功能 |
| 模板开发 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 页面布局和样式 |
| 用户认证 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 用户登录和权限 |
二、项目结构
blog_project/
├── blog/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── views.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── forms.py
│ └── templates/
│ └── blog/
│ ├── base.html
│ ├── post_list.html
│ ├── post_detail.html
│ └── post_form.html
├── static/
│ └── css/
│ └── style.css
└── manage.py
三、模型设计
# blog/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils import timezoneclass Category(models.Model):name = models.CharField('分类名', max_length=100)created_at = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)class Meta:verbose_name = '分类'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef __str__(self):return self.nameclass Post(models.Model):STATUS_CHOICES = [('draft', '草稿'),('published', '发布'),]title = models.CharField('标题', max_length=200)slug = models.SlugField('URL', max_length=200, unique_for_date='publish')author = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,related_name='blog_posts',verbose_name='作者')category = models.ForeignKey(Category,on_delete=models.SET_NULL,null=True,blank=True,related_name='posts',verbose_name='分类')content = models.TextField('内容')publish = models.DateTimeField('发布时间', default=timezone.now)created = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)updated = models.DateTimeField('更新时间', auto_now=True)status = models.CharField('状态',max_length=10,choices=STATUS_CHOICES,default='draft')views = models.PositiveIntegerField('浏览量', default=0)class Meta:ordering = ('-publish',)verbose_name = '文章'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef __str__(self):return self.titledef get_absolute_url(self):return reverse('blog:post_detail', args=[self.publish.year,self.publish.strftime('%m'),self.publish.strftime('%d'),self.slug])class Comment(models.Model):post = models.ForeignKey(Post,on_delete=models.CASCADE,related_name='comments',verbose_name='文章')author = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,related_name='comments',verbose_name='作者')content = models.TextField('评论内容')created = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)active = models.BooleanField('是否可见', default=True)parent = models.ForeignKey('self',on_delete=models.CASCADE,null=True,blank=True,related_name='replies',verbose_name='父评论')class Meta:ordering = ('created',)verbose_name = '评论'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef __str__(self):return f'Comment by {self.author} on {self.post}'
四、表单设计
# blog/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Post, Commentclass PostForm(forms.ModelForm):class Meta:model = Postfields = ['title', 'slug', 'content', 'category', 'status']widgets = {'title': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}),'slug': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}),'content': forms.Textarea(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}),'category': forms.Select(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}),'status': forms.Select(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}),}class CommentForm(forms.ModelForm):class Meta:model = Commentfields = ['content']widgets = {'content': forms.Textarea(attrs={'class': 'form-control','rows': 4,'placeholder': '请输入评论内容'}),}
五、视图实现
# blog/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.core.paginator import Paginator
from django.contrib import messages
from .models import Post, Comment, Category
from .forms import PostForm, CommentFormdef post_list(request):post_list = Post.objects.filter(status='published')paginator = Paginator(post_list, 10)page_number = request.GET.get('page')posts = paginator.get_page(page_number)categories = Category.objects.all()return render(request, 'blog/post_list.html', {'posts': posts,'categories': categories,})def post_detail(request, year, month, day, slug):post = get_object_or_404(Post, status='published',slug=slug,publish__year=year,publish__month=int(month),publish__day=int(day))# 增加浏览量post.views += 1post.save()# 获取评论comments = post.comments.filter(active=True, parent=None)if request.method == 'POST':comment_form = CommentForm(request.POST)if comment_form.is_valid():new_comment = comment_form.save(commit=False)new_comment.post = postnew_comment.author = request.usernew_comment.save()messages.success(request, '评论发表成功！')return redirect('blog:post_detail', year=year, month=month, day=day, slug=slug)else:comment_form = CommentForm()return render(request, 'blog/post_detail.html', {'post': post,'comments': comments,'comment_form': comment_form,})@login_required
def post_create(request):if request.method == 'POST':form = PostForm(request.POST)if form.is_valid():post = form.save(commit=False)post.author = request.userpost.save()messages.success(request, '文章创建成功！')return redirect(post.get_absolute_url())else:form = PostForm()return render(request, 'blog/post_form.html', {'form': form})@login_required
def post_edit(request, post_id):post = get_object_or_404(Post, id=post_id, author=request.user)if request.method == 'POST':form = PostForm(request.POST, instance=post)if form.is_valid():post = form.save()messages.success(request, '文章更新成功！')return redirect(post.get_absolute_url())else:form = PostForm(instance=post)return render(request, 'blog/post_form.html', {'form': form})
六、URL配置
# blog/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import viewsapp_name = 'blog'urlpatterns = [path('', views.post_list, name='post_list'),path('<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/<slug:slug>/',views.post_detail, name='post_detail'),path('create/', views.post_create, name='post_create'),path('edit/<int:post_id>/', views.post_edit, name='post_edit'),
]
七、模板设计
<!-- blog/templates/blog/base.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-hans">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>{% block title %}博客{% endblock %}</title><link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-dark"><div class="container"><a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'blog:post_list' %}">博客</a><div class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto">{% if user.is_authenticated %}<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'blog:post_create' %}">写文章</a></li><li class="nav-item"><span class="nav-link">{{ user.username }}</span></li>{% else %}<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'login' %}">登录</a></li>{% endif %}</ul></div></div></nav><div class="container mt-4">{% if messages %}{% for message in messages %}<div class="alert alert-{{ message.tags }}">{{ message }}</div>{% endfor %}{% endif %}{% block content %}{% endblock %}</div><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
八、流程图
九、扩展功能建议
-
文章功能扩展
- 文章标签系统
- 文章搜索功能
- 文章归档功能
- 相关文章推荐
-
用户功能扩展
- 用户个人中心
- 用户关注系统
- 消息通知系统
-
评论功能扩展
- 评论点赞功能
- 评论回复通知
- 评论审核系统
-
界面优化
- 响应式设计
- 富文本编辑器
- 图片上传功能
十、总结
以上完成了一个基础的博客系统，包括：
- 文章的CRUD操作
- 评论系统的实现
- 用户认证和权限控制
- 分类系统的建立
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