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Linux下的PWM驱动

2024/11/19 22:35:40 来源:https://blog.csdn.net/Xinbaibaiya12138/article/details/142028068  浏览:    关键词:Linux下的PWM驱动

PWM


PWM简介⭕

**PWM(Pulse Width Modulation,脉冲宽度调制)**是一种利用微处理器的数字输出对模拟电路进行控制的技术。通过改变脉冲的占空比,可以控制模拟电路的输出电压或电流。PWM技术广泛应用于电机控制、灯光调节、音频信号生成等领域。

PWM频率和占空比⭕

周期:PWM信号的重复周期,即一个PWM信号从高电平到低电平再到高电平的时间间隔。

频率:PWM信号的重复频率,即每秒钟PWM信号的重复次数。频率与周期成反比,频率 = 1 / 周期。

占空比:PWM信号的脉冲宽度与周期的比值,即高电平时间占整个周期的比例。占空比可以取0到1之间的任意值。

PWM的应用⭕

面积等效原理:
冲量相等而形状不同的窄宽脉冲加在具有惯性的环节上,其效果基本相同

  1. 冲量相等而形状不同是指面积相等
  2. 惯性环节在电路和系统分析中,当输入信号发生变化时,其输出不会立即跟随变化,而是需要经过一段时间后才能逐渐达到新的稳态值。

通俗的说:电压不同,时间不同的俩个信号,当他们的电压和时间的乘积相等的时候,输出的波形信号是相同的

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pwm的子系统框架图

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两种驱动方法:

  1. 直接在应用层操作sys/class/pwm
  2. 编写驱动程序后在应用层调用

PWM驱动编写:⭕

Linux内描述一个PWM控制器的结构体:

struct pwm_chip {struct device *dev;const struct pwm_ops *ops;int base;unsigned int npwm;struct pwm_device * (*of_xlate)(struct pwm_chip *pc,const struct of_phandle_args *args);unsigned int of_pwm_n_cells;/* only used internally by the PWM framework */struct list_head list;struct pwm_device *pwms;ANDROID_KABI_RESERVE(1);
};

PWM常有API:

  1. pwm_config函数
int pwm_config(struct pwm_device *pwm, int duty_ns, int period_ns) //改变pwm配置
参数作用
*pwmpwm_device
duty_ns占空比
period_ns周期

成功返回0,失败返回负数

  1. pwm_set_polarity函数
int pwm_set_polarity(struct pwm_device *pwm, enum pwm_polarity polarity) //设置pwm极性
参数作用
*pwmpwm_device
polaritypwm极性

成功返回0,失败返回负数

  1. pwm_enable函数
int pwm_enable(struct pwm_device *pwm) //使能pwm
参数作用
*pwmpwm_device

成功返回0,失败返回负数

  1. pwm_disable函数
int pwm_disable(struct pwm_device *pwm) //禁止pwm
参数作用
*pwmpwm_device

成功返回0,失败返回负数

  1. pwm_request函数
struct pwm_device *pwm_request(int pwm, const char *label) //申请pwm
参数作用
pwmpwm号
labelpwm标签

成功返回pwm_device,失败返回NULL

  1. pwm_free函数
void pwm_free(struct pwm_device *pwm) //释放pwm
参数作用
*pwmpwm_device

无返回

  1. devm_pwm_get函数
int devm_pwm_get(struct device *dev, const char *con_id)//获取PWM设备句柄
参数作用
*dev设备
con_idpwm标签

成功返回pwm_device句柄,失败返回负数

driver层的使用:⭕

使用platform_driver的实现驱动注册,匹配设备树节点即可。

#include <linux/of.h>
#include <linux/of_gpio.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/gpio.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/pwm.h>struct pwm_device *pwm_dev;dev_t dev_num; // 设备号static int major = 0; /* 主设备号, 0 表示由系统分配 */struct class *class; // 类和对象static int pwm_driver_open(struct inode *, struct file *)
{pwm_config(pwm_dev, 500000, 2000000);           // 周期2000000ns,占空比500000nspwm_set_polarity(pwm_dev, PWM_POLARITY_NORMAL); // 设置极性pwm_enable(pwm_dev);                            // 启动PWMreturn 0;
}
static int pwm_driver_release(struct inode *, struct file *)
{pwm_free(pwm_dev);return 0;
}static struct file_operations pwm_fops = {.owner = THIS_MODULE,.open = pwm_driver_open,.release = pwm_driver_release};static int pwm_driver_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{int ret = 0;pwm_dev = devm_of_pwm_get(&pdev->dev, dev->dev.of_node, NULL);if (IS_ERR(pwm_dev)){printk("get pwm device failed\n");return -1;}// 添加字符设备节点int err;major = register_chrdev(0, "hello", &pwm_fops);class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "hello_class");err = PTR_ERR(class);if (IS_ERR(class)){printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);unregister_chrdev(major, "hello");return -1;}device_create(class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "hello"); /* 设备节点/dev/hello创建 */return 0;
}static int pwm_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{unregister_chrdev(major, "hello");class_destroy(class);if (!pwm_dev){pwm_free(pwm_dev);}return 0;
}static const struct of_device_id pwm_of_match[] = {{.compatible = "pwm_test"},{},
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, pwm_of_match);static struct platform_driver pwm_driver = {.driver = {.name = "pwm_test",.of_match_table = pwm_of_match,},.probe = pwm_driver_probe,.remove = pwm_remove,
};static int __init pwm_init(void)
{return platform_driver_register(&pwm_driver);
}static void __exit pwm_exit(void)
{platform_driver_unregister(&pwm_driver);
}
module_init(pwm_init);
module_exit(pwm_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

模拟PWM

使用模拟PWM,即使用定时器来模拟PWM信号。给GPIO配置为输出模式,然后通过定时器来控制GPIO的电平变化,从而实现PWM信号的产生。
1725775680191
配置设备树,指定一个LED的GPIO引脚

led {compatible = "gpio-led";gpios = <&gpio0 9 GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW>;
};

在驱动中,通过与设备树probe获取GPIO引脚,然后配置为输出模式,并使用定时器来控制GPIO的电平变化,从而实现PWM信号的产生。

高精度定时器

普通定时器的时钟频率可以设置在 100Hz 到 1000Hz 之间,所以精度只能限制在毫秒级别。所以无法满足精度较高的场景当中,为此 Linux 提供了高精度定时器,可以提供纳秒级别的精度。

struct hrtimer结构体

// include/linux/hrtimer.h高精度定时器
struct hrtimer {struct timerqueue_node		node;ktime_t				_softexpires;//定时时间enum hrtimer_restart		(*function)(struct hrtimer *);//超时服务函数struct hrtimer_clock_base	*base;u8				state;u8				is_rel;u8				is_soft;u8				is_hard;ANDROID_KABI_RESERVE(1);
};
// include/linux/timer.h普通定时器
struct timer_list {struct list_head entry;unsigned long expires; //定时时间void (*function)(unsigned long);//超时服务函数unsigned long data;unsigned int flags;int slack;
};

hrtimer_init函数

//初始化一个定时器
void hrtimer_init(struct hrtimer *timer, clockid_t which_clock,enum hrtimer_mode mode);
参数作用
timer要初始化的定时器
which_clock定时器所使用的时钟类型,比如 CLOCK_REALTIME、CLOCK_MONOTONIC 等
hrtimer_mode定时器模式,比如 HRTIMER_MODE_REL、HRTIMER_MODE_ABS 等

ktime_set函数

//设置定时时间
ktime_t ktime_set(const <error-type> secs, const unsigned long nsecs);
参数作用
secs
nsecs纳秒

hrtimer_start函数

//启动定时器
int hrtimer_start(struct hrtimer *timer, ktime_t time, const enum hrtimer_mode mode);
参数作用
timer要启动的定时器
time定时时间
mode定时器模式

hrtimer_forward函数

//定时器延时
void hrtimer_forward(struct hrtimer *timer, ktime_t now, ktime_t interval);
参数作用
timer要延时的定时器
now当前时间
interval延时时间

hrtimer_cancel函数

//取消定时器
int hrtimer_cancel(struct hrtimer *timer);
参数作用
timer要取消的定时器

Source_code

#include <linux/of.h>
#include <linux/of_gpio.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/gpio.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/pwm.h>struct pwm_data{int sum_conut; // 总计数int high_count; // 高电平计数struct gpio_desc *gpio; // GPIOstruct hrtimer pwm_timer; // 定时器int time; // 定时时间
};
struct pwm_data *data;
struct pwm_device *pwm_dev;dev_t dev_num; // 设备号static int major = 0; /* 主设备号, 0 表示由系统分配 */struct class *class; // 类和对象
enum hrtimer_restart pwm_timer_func(struct hrtimer *timer){//container_of 宏来从一个结构体成员的指针中获取包含它的结构体指针/*timer 是指向 pwm_timer 成员的指针。struct pwm_data 是包含 pwm_timer 成员的结构体类型。pwm_timer 是 struct pwm_data 结构体中的一个成员。*/static int timer_count = 0;struct pwm_data *mydata = container_of(timer, struct pwm_data, pwm_timer); if(timer_count == mydata->sum_conut){gpiod_set_value(mydata->gpio, 1);timer_count = 0;}if(timer_count == mydata->high_count){gpiod_set_value(mydata->gpio, 0);}timer_count++if(mydata->high_count == 0){timer_count = 0;}hrtimer_forward(timer, timer->_softexpires, mydata->time); // 定时器重新启动, 调整定时器的到期时间为当前时间加上mydata->timereturn HRTIMER_RESTART; // 重启定时器
}
static int pwm_driver_open(struct inode *, struct file *)
{return 0;
}
static int pwm_driver_release(struct inode *, struct file *)
{return 0;
}
static long pwm_driver_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){}
static ssize_t pwm_driver_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos){int ret = 0;int kbuf[2];ret = copy_from_user(kbuf, buf, count);data->sum_conut = kbuf[0]; //总计数,周期data->high_count = kbuf[1];//高电平计数,占空比return ret;
}
static struct file_operations pwm_fops = {.owner = THIS_MODULE,.open = pwm_driver_open,.release = pwm_driver_release,.unlocked_ioctl = pwm_driver_ioctl,.write = pwm_driver_write,
};static int pwm_driver_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct pwm_data), GFP_KERNEL);data->sum_conut = 20;data->high_count = 10;// 添加字符设备节点int err;major = register_chrdev(0, "hello", &pwm_fops);class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "hello_class");err = PTR_ERR(class);if (IS_ERR(class)){printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);unregister_chrdev(major, "hello");return -1;}device_create(class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "hello"); /* 设备节点/dev/hello创建 */data->gpio = gpiod_get(&pdev->dev,"gpio-led",GPIOF_OUT_INIT_HIGH) //获取GPIOgpiod_set_value(data->gpio, 1);//设置GPIO高电平data->time = ktime_set(0,1000000); //定时器时间1ms,返回总时间hrtimer_init(&data->pwm_timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL);//初始化定时器,CLOCK_MONOTONIC表示定时器从系统启动开始计时,HRTIMER_MODE_REL表示定时器从当前时间开始计时data->pwm_timer.function = pwm_timer_func;//定时器回调函数hrtimer_start(&data->pwm_timer, data->time, HRTIMER_MODE_REL);//启动定时器return 0;
}static int pwm_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{return 0;
}static const struct of_device_id pwm_of_match[] = {{.compatible = "pwm_test"},{},
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, pwm_of_match);static struct platform_driver pwm_driver = {.driver = {.name = "pwm_test",.of_match_table = pwm_of_match,},.probe = pwm_driver_probe,.remove = pwm_remove,
};static int __init pwm_init(void)
{return platform_driver_register(&pwm_driver);
}static void __exit pwm_exit(void)
{hrtimer_cancel(&data->pwm_timer);kfree(data);platform_driver_unregister(&pwm_driver);device_destroy(class, MKDEV(major, 0));class_destroy(class);unregister_chrdev(major, "hello");}
module_init(pwm_init);
module_exit(pwm_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

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