从句(Subordinate Clauses)是依附于主句(Main Clause)的句子成分,不能单独成句。复合句(Complex Sentences)是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
1. 主从复合句的类型
1.1 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
名词性从句在句子中充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
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主语从句(Subject Clauses):
- 用法:从句位于句子的主语位置。
- 引导词:that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
- Whether he will come is still unknown.(他是否会来还不清楚。)
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宾语从句(Object Clauses):
- 用法:从句位于动词、介词或形容词后的宾语位置。
- 引导词:that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
- She asked whether he would help.(她问他是否会帮忙。)
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表语从句(Predicative Clauses):
- 用法:从句位于系动词后,充当表语。
- 引导词:that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- The problem is that he is not reliable.(问题是他是不可靠的。)
- My hope is that we will succeed.(我的希望是我们会成功。)
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同位语从句(Appositive Clauses):
- 用法:从句位于名词或代词后,对其进一步说明。
- 引导词:that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都感到惊讶。)
- The question whether he will come remains unanswered.(他是否会来的问题仍未得到回答。)
1.2 定语从句(Adjective Clauses)
定语从句在句子中充当定语,修饰名词或代词。
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限制性定语从句(Restrictive Relative Clauses):
- 用法:提供必要信息,去掉后会影响句子意义。
- 引导词:who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
- The book that I read was very interesting.(我读的那本书非常有趣。)
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非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Relative Clauses):
- 用法:提供额外信息,去掉后不影响句子意义。
- 引导词:who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why。
- 例句:
- My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.(我住在纽约的哥哥下周会来看我们。)
- The library, which was built last year, is very modern.(去年建成的图书馆非常现代化。)
1.3 状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)
状语从句在句子中充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词。
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时间状语从句(Time Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as。
- 例句:
- I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)
- She left while I was sleeping.(我睡觉的时候她离开了。)
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原因状语从句(Reason Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:because, since, as, for。
- 例句:
- She stayed home because she was sick.(她待在家里因为她生病了。)
- Since it was raining, we stayed inside.(因为下雨,我们待在室内。)
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条件状语从句(Condition Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:if, unless, as long as, provided that, on condition that。
- 例句:
- If it rains, we will stay inside.(如果下雨,我们就待在室内。)
- You won’t pass the exam unless you study.(除非你学习,否则你不会通过考试。)
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让步状语从句(Concession Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:although, though, even though, even if, however, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, no matter (how/what/who/where/when)。
- 例句:
- Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
- Even if it rains, we will go.(即使下雨,我们也会去。)
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地点状语从句(Place Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere。
- 例句:
- This is the place where we first met.(这是我们第一次见面的地方。)
- Wherever you go, I will follow.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你。)
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目的状语从句(Purpose Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:so that, in order that。
- 例句:
- I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.(我早起以便赶上公交车。)
- She studied hard in order that she could get a good grade.(她努力学习以便取得好成绩。)
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结果状语从句(Result Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:so...that, such...that。
- 例句:
- He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,立刻就睡着了。)
- It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go for a picnic.(天气如此美好,我们决定去野餐。)
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方式状语从句(Manner Adverbial Clauses):
- 引导词:as, as if, as though。
- 例句:
- Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
- He looked as if he had seen a ghost.(他看起来好像见到了鬼。)
2. 复合句的结构
复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。主句和从句之间通过从属连词或关系代词/关系副词连接。
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主句 + 名词性从句:
- 例句:I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
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主句 + 定语从句:
- 例句:The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
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主句 + 状语从句:
- 例句:I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)
3. 比较
3.1 名词性从句 vs 定语从句 vs 状语从句
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名词性从句:
- 功能:充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
- 引导词:that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why。
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定语从句:
- 功能:充当定语,修饰名词或代词。
- 引导词:who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why。
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状语从句:
- 功能:充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词。
- 引导词:when, while, as, because, since, if, unless, although, though, so that, in order that, so...that, such...that, as, as if, as though。
3.2 限制性定语从句 vs 非限制性定语从句
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限制性定语从句:
- 功能:提供必要信息,去掉后会影响句子意义。
- 标点:不使用逗号分隔。
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非限制性定语从句:
- 功能:提供额外信息,去掉后不影响句子意义。
- 标点:使用逗号分隔。
4. 例句对比
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名词性从句:
- 主语从句:What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
- 宾语从句:I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
- 表语从句:The problem is that he is not reliable.(问题是他是不可靠的。)
- 同位语从句:The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都感到惊讶。)
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定语从句:
- 限制性定语从句:The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
- 非限制性定语从句:My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.(我住在纽约的哥哥下周会来看我们。)
-
状语从句:
- 时间状语从句:I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)
- 原因状语从句:She stayed home because she was sick.(她待在家里因为她生病了。)
- 条件状语从句:If it rains, we will stay inside.(如果下雨,我们就待在室内。)
- 让步状语从句:Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
- 地点状语从句:This is the place where we first met.(这是我们第一次见面的地方。)
- 目的状语从句:I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.(我早起以便赶上公交车。)
- 结果状语从句:He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,立刻就睡着了。)
- 方式状语从句:Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
5. 总结
- 名词性从句:在句子中充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
- 定语从句:在句子中充当定语,修饰名词或代词,分为限制性和非限制性。
- 状语从句:在句子中充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词,根据不同的功能有不同的引导词。