结构型模式：桥接模式
假设你有一个绘图程序，需要支持绘制多种颜色的多种形状。如果直接将 n n n种形状和 m m m个颜色结合在一起，会导致类的数量急剧增加（ n × m n\times m n×m个）。比如，3种形状（如圆形、矩形和三角形），3种颜色（如红色、蓝色和绿色）就需要9个类：
#include <iostream>// 形状类（圆形）
class RedCircle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Red Circle\n";}
};class BlueCircle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Blue Circle\n";}
};class GreenCircle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Green Circle\n";}
};// 形状类（矩形）
class RedRectangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Red Rectangle\n";}
};class BlueRectangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Blue Rectangle\n";}
};class GreenRectangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Green Rectangle\n";}
};// 形状类（三角形）
class RedTriangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Red Triangle\n";}
};class BlueTriangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Blue Triangle\n";}
};class GreenTriangle {
public:void draw() {std::cout << "Drawing Green Triangle\n";}
};// 客户端代码
int main() {// 创建不同颜色的形状组合RedCircle redCircle;BlueCircle blueCircle;GreenCircle greenCircle;RedRectangle redRectangle;BlueRectangle blueRectangle;GreenRectangle greenRectangle;RedTriangle redTriangle;BlueTriangle blueTriangle;GreenTriangle greenTriangle;// 绘制形状redCircle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Red CircleblueCircle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Blue CirclegreenCircle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Green CircleredRectangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Red RectangleblueRectangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Blue RectanglegreenRectangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Green RectangleredTriangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Red TriangleblueTriangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Blue TrianglegreenTriangle.draw(); // 输出: Drawing Green Trianglereturn 0;
}桥接模式将“高层次的接口或类”与“低层次的接口或类”分离 (…形状有…颜色，形状比颜色高一层)，使得系统具有更好的灵活性和可扩展性。
下面使用桥接模式改写上文的代码：
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>// 实现层次：颜色接口
class Color {
public:virtual void fill() = 0;virtual ~Color() = default;
};// 具体颜色类
class Red : public Color {
public:void fill() override {std::cout << "Filling with Red color\n";}
};class Blue : public Color {
public:void fill() override {std::cout << "Filling with Blue color\n";}
};class Green : public Color {
public:void fill() override {std::cout << "Filling with Green color\n";}
};// 抽象类：形状
class Shape {
protected:std::unique_ptr<Color> color;public:Shape(std::unique_ptr<Color> c) : color(std::move(c)) {}virtual void draw() = 0;virtual ~Shape() = default;
};// 具体形状类
class Circle : public Shape {
public:Circle(std::unique_ptr<Color> c) : Shape(std::move(c)) {}void draw() override {color->fill();std::cout << "Drawing Circle\n";}
};class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:Rectangle(std::unique_ptr<Color> c) : Shape(std::move(c)) {}void draw() override {color->fill();std::cout << "Drawing Rectangle\n";}
};class Triangle : public Shape {
public:Triangle(std::unique_ptr<Color> c) : Shape(std::move(c)) {}void draw() override {color->fill();std::cout << "Drawing Triangle\n";}
};// 客户端代码
int main() {// 创建不同颜色的形状组合std::unique_ptr<Shape> shapes[9];shapes[0] = std::make_unique<Circle>(std::make_unique<Red>());shapes[1] = std::make_unique<Circle>(std::make_unique<Blue>());shapes[2] = std::make_unique<Circle>(std::make_unique<Green>());shapes[3] = std::make_unique<Rectangle>(std::make_unique<Red>());shapes[4] = std::make_unique<Rectangle>(std::make_unique<Blue>());shapes[5] = std::make_unique<Rectangle>(std::make_unique<Green>());shapes[6] = std::make_unique<Triangle>(std::make_unique<Red>());shapes[7] = std::make_unique<Triangle>(std::make_unique<Blue>());shapes[8] = std::make_unique<Triangle>(std::make_unique<Green>());// 绘制形状for (const auto& shape : shapes) {shape->draw();}return 0;
}
在没有使用桥接模式的情况下，每种形状和颜色组合都需要一个独立的类，随着形状和颜色的增加，类的数量会迅速膨胀。通过桥接模式，你只需为形状和颜色分别定义类，这大大减少了需要实现的类的数量。