入门摄影这门艺术，你是否有以下这些问题？
焦距、光圈、CMOS是什么？为什么光圈越大，背景虚化效果越好？什么是过曝？…
今天我将分享一个简单的、可交互的相机成像模型，可供大家以可视化的方式深入学习和理解这些术语。
1. Ray Optics Simulation 光学模拟平台
使用者可以交互式的方式，利用该平台提供的光源、镜子、透光物、遮光物等工具创建和模拟 2D 几何光学场景，并与其互动。此外，该平台还提供画廊，使用者可将自己创建的光学场景上传，供其他用户使用与学习。
以下是几个比较有意思的画廊作品，分别构建了日食、变焦镜头、菲涅尔透镜的光学模型。有兴趣的小伙伴也可以自己做一些有意思的模型。
2. 相机成像原理模型的使用
在这里，我通过简单修改该画廊 Camera obscura - Ray Optics Simulation 作品，实现相机成像原理模型的创建。大家可通过如下方式使用：
2.1 创建一个 json文件
这里我创建一个名为 The principle of camera imaging.json 的文件，内容如下：
{"version": 5,"name": "The principle of camera imaging","objs": [{"type": "Blocker","p1": {"x": 1060,"y": 680},"p2": {"x": 760,"y": 680}},{"type": "Blocker","p1": {"x": 1060,"y": 400},"p2": {"x": 760,"y": 400}},{"type": "Ruler","p1": {"x": 1063.0130526315788,"y": 698.7886315789475},"p2": {"x": -141.88572433595814,"y": 694.8105495423805}},{"type": "Aperture","p1": {"x": 760,"y": 400},"p2": {"x": 760,"y": 680},"p3": {"x": 760,"y": 504.62570743711734},"p4": {"x": 760,"y": 575.3742925628826}},{"type": "TextLabel","x": 199.55899596667035,"y": 367.9691032858637,"text": "Objects outside","alignment": "right"},{"type": "TextLabel","x": 913.5043956043952,"y": 392.9062845651083,"text": "Camera","alignment": "center"},{"type": "CropBox","p1": {"x": -139.83866396761127,"y": 326.32154443423786},"p4": {"x": 1133.424493927126,"y": 779.921544434238}},{"type": "CropBox","p1": {"x": 704.0034412955467,"y": 362.3215444342379},"p4": {"x": 1086.74028340081,"y": 745.058386434238}},{"type": "IdealLens","p1": {"x": 786.0224861903579,"y": 405.29349691080154},"p2": {"x": 786.3857418161693,"y": 675.2470299262627},"focalLength": 155},{"type": "PointSource","x": 432.30290724298936,"y": 470.70739164764365,"brightness": 0.43,"wavelength": 434},{"type": "PointSource","x": -191.5518295991161,"y": 572.4623390160647,"brightness": 0.68,"wavelength": 669},{"type": "Detector","p1": {"x": 1059.5017824181016,"y": 397.5102132692092},"p2": {"x": 1059.5017824181016,"y": 679.7590553744725},"irradMap": true},{"type": "TextLabel","x": 1066.2885915124061,"y": 423.45358025984,"text": "CMOS"}],"width": 1500,"height": 800,"rayModeDensity": 1.224337645235499,"origin": {"x": 286.1284655189088,"y": -55.57492358816593},"scale": 0.8255126868265552,"simulateColors": true
}
2.2 打开平台导入并使用
打开网站 https://phydemo.app/ray-optics/simulator/ , 左上角文件 – 打开 – 选择刚刚创建的json文件，就可以使用啦！
3 交互式相机模拟器网站
交互式相机模拟器，允许用户调整光圈、快门速度、ISO 等设置，模拟不同场景下的拍摄效果。这个网站直观地展示了不同设置如何影响曝光和照片质量，非常适合理解相机的基本原理。
https://www.camerasim.com/
摄影曝光三要素，光圈、快门、ISO 如何平衡
