Django Email
一、知识要点总览表
| 类别 | 知识点 |
|---|---|
| 基础配置 | SMTP设置、Email配置项 |
| 发送方式 | 同步发送、异步发送 |
| 邮件类型 | 纯文本、HTML邮件、带附件邮件 |
| 异步任务 | Celery集成、任务队列 |
| 高级特性 | 邮件模板、批量发送 |
二、Email基础配置
1. 配置settings.py
# settings.py
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.gmail.com' # 邮件服务器
EMAIL_PORT = 587 # 端口号
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True # 使用TLS加密
EMAIL_HOST_USER = 'your-email@gmail.com' # 发件人邮箱
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = 'your-password' # 邮箱密码或应用专用密码
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = 'your-email@gmail.com' # 默认发件人
2. 测试邮件配置
# test_email.py
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from django.conf import settingsdef test_email_config():subject = '测试邮件'message = '这是一封测试邮件'from_email = settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAILrecipient_list = ['recipient@example.com']try:send_mail(subject,message,from_email,recipient_list,fail_silently=False,)return "邮件发送成功！"except Exception as e:return f"邮件发送失败：{str(e)}"
三、发送各类型邮件
1. 发送HTML邮件
# views.py
from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives
from django.template.loader import render_to_string
from django.utils.html import strip_tagsdef send_html_email(request):subject = '欢迎订阅我们的服务'from_email = settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAILto_email = 'subscriber@example.com'# 渲染HTML内容html_content = render_to_string('email_template.html', {'username': 'John Doe','activation_link': 'http://example.com/activate'})text_content = strip_tags(html_content) # 生成纯文本内容email = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject,text_content,from_email,[to_email])email.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")email.send()
<!-- templates/email_template.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>欢迎订阅</title>
</head>
<body><h1>您好，{{ username }}!</h1><p>感谢您订阅我们的服务。请点击以下链接激活您的账户：</p><a href="{{ activation_link }}">激活账户</a>
</body>
</html>
2. 发送带附件的邮件
# views.py
from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
import osdef send_attachment_email(request):subject = '月度报告'body = '请查收附件中的月度报告。'from_email = settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAILto_email = ['manager@example.com']email = EmailMessage(subject,body,from_email,to_email)# 添加附件file_path = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, 'reports/monthly_report.pdf')with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:email.attach('monthly_report.pdf', f.read(), 'application/pdf')email.send()
四、异步任务处理
1. Celery配置
# celery.py
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
import os
from celery import Celery# 设置默认Django settings模块
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'your_project.settings')app = Celery('your_project')
app.config_from_object('django.conf:settings', namespace='CELERY')
app.autodiscover_tasks()
2. 创建异步邮件任务
# tasks.py
from celery import shared_task
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from django.conf import settings@shared_task
def send_async_email(subject, message, recipient_list):"""异步发送邮件的任务"""return send_mail(subject,message,settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,recipient_list,fail_silently=False,)@shared_task
def send_bulk_emails(email_data_list):"""批量发送邮件的任务"""results = []for email_data in email_data_list:try:send_mail(email_data['subject'],email_data['message'],settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,email_data['recipients'],fail_silently=False,)results.append({'status': 'success','recipients': email_data['recipients']})except Exception as e:results.append({'status': 'failed','recipients': email_data['recipients'],'error': str(e)})return results
3. 在视图中使用异步任务
# views.py
from .tasks import send_async_email, send_bulk_emails
from django.http import JsonResponsedef send_newsletter(request):# 获取订阅用户列表subscribers = ['user1@example.com', 'user2@example.com', 'user3@example.com']# 创建异步任务task = send_async_email.delay('最新新闻订阅','这是本周的新闻摘要...',subscribers)return JsonResponse({'status': 'success','task_id': task.id,'message': '邮件发送任务已创建'})def send_bulk_newsletter(request):# 批量邮件数据email_data_list = [{'subject': '个性化新闻推送','message': '基于您的兴趣推荐...','recipients': ['user1@example.com']},{'subject': '个性化新闻推送','message': '您可能感兴趣的内容...','recipients': ['user2@example.com']}]# 创建批量发送任务task = send_bulk_emails.delay(email_data_list)return JsonResponse({'status': 'success','task_id': task.id,'message': '批量邮件发送任务已创建'})
五、邮件发送流程图
六、监控和错误处理
1. 邮件发送状态监控
# utils.py
from django.core.mail import get_connection
from django.core.mail.message import EmailMessage
from django.conf import settings
import logginglogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)class EmailSender:def __init__(self):self.connection = get_connection()def send_email_with_monitoring(self, subject, message, recipient_list):"""带监控的邮件发送函数"""try:email = EmailMessage(subject,message,settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,recipient_list,connection=self.connection)# 记录发送开始logger.info(f"开始发送邮件到 {recipient_list}")# 发送邮件并记录结果result = email.send()if result:logger.info(f"邮件成功发送到 {recipient_list}")return Trueelse:logger.error(f"邮件发送失败: {recipient_list}")return Falseexcept Exception as e:logger.error(f"邮件发送异常: {str(e)}")raise
2. 重试机制
# tasks.py
from celery import shared_task
from celery.exceptions import MaxRetriesExceededError@shared_task(bind=True, max_retries=3)
def send_email_with_retry(self, subject, message, recipient_list):"""带重试机制的异步邮件发送任务"""try:send_mail(subject,message,settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,recipient_list,fail_silently=False,)except Exception as exc:try:# 重试任务，延迟5分钟self.retry(exc=exc, countdown=300)except MaxRetriesExceededError:# 超过最大重试次数，记录错误logger.error(f"邮件发送失败，超过最大重试次数: {recipient_list}")raise
七、最佳实践建议
-
配置管理
- 将邮件相关的配置放在单独的配置文件中
- 使用环境变量管理敏感信息
- 为不同环境（开发、测试、生产）设置不同的配置
-
性能优化
- 使用异步任务处理大量邮件发送
- 实现批量发送机制
- 合理设置重试间隔和最大重试次数
-
安全考虑
- 使用TLS/SSL加密
- 定期更换邮箱密码
- 使用应用专用密码而不是邮箱主密码
-
监控和日志
- 实现完善的日志记录
- 设置邮件发送失败告警
- 定期检查发送统计数据
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