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1. 文件基础操作

1.1 文件读取

• 文本文件

  # 方式1：二进制模式读取后解码
  with open('info.txt', 'rb') as f:data = f.read().decode('utf-8')# 方式2：直接文本模式读取
  with open('info.txt', 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f:data = f.read()
  

• 二进制文件（如图片）

  with open('image.png', 'rb') as f:image_data = f.read()
  

1.2 文件写入

• 文本写入

  with open('output.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:f.write('Hello, World!')
  

• 二进制写入

  with open('image_copy.png', 'wb') as f:f.write(image_data)
  

1.3 文件模式

模式	描述	示例
​r​	只读（默认）	​open('file.txt')​
​w​	写入（覆盖）	​open('file.txt', 'w')​
​a​	追加写入	​open('file.txt', 'a')​
​b​	二进制模式	​open('image.png', 'rb')​
​+​	读写模式	​open('file.txt', 'r+')​

1.4 上下文管理

• 自动关闭文件，避免资源泄露

  with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:content = f.read()
  

1.5 路径处理

• 绝对路径与相对路径

  import os
  base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
  file_path = os.path.join(base_dir, 'data', 'info.txt')
  

• 路径转义

  # Windows路径需使用r或双反斜杠
  path = r'C:\new\data.txt'
  

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2. 常见文件格式处理

2.1 CSV文件

• 读取CSV

  import csv
  with open('data.csv', 'r') as f:reader = csv.reader(f)for row in reader:print(row)
  

• 写入CSV

  with open('output.csv', 'w') as f:writer = csv.writer(f)writer.writerow(['Name', 'Age'])writer.writerow(['Alice', 25])
  

2.2 INI配置文件

• 读取INI

  import configparser
  config = configparser.ConfigParser()
  config.read('config.ini')
  value = config.get('section', 'key')
  

• 修改INI

  config.add_section('new_section')
  config.set('new_section', 'key', 'value')
  with open('config.ini', 'w') as f:config.write(f)
  

2.3 XML文件

• 解析XML

  from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
  root = ET.parse('data.xml').getroot()
  for child in root:print(child.tag, child.attrib)
  

2.4 Excel文件

• 读取Excel

  from openpyxl import load_workbook
  wb = load_workbook('data.xlsx')
  sheet = wb.active
  print(sheet['A1'].value)
  

• 写入Excel

  from openpyxl import Workbook
  wb = Workbook()
  sheet = wb.active
  sheet['A1'] = 'Hello'
  wb.save('output.xlsx')
  

2.5 压缩文件

• 压缩与解压

  import shutil
  shutil.make_archive('archive', 'zip', 'target_dir')
  shutil.unpack_archive('archive.zip', 'extract_dir')
  

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3. 实战练习

3.1 用户注册与登录（CSV）

import csv
import osdef register():base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))file_path = os.path.join(base_dir, 'users.csv')with open(file_path, 'a', newline='') as f:writer = csv.writer(f)username = input("用户名：")password = input("密码：")writer.writerow([username, password])def login():username = input("用户名：")password = input("密码：")with open('users.csv', 'r') as f:reader = csv.reader(f)for row in reader:if row == [username, password]:print("登录成功！")returnprint("登录失败！")

3.2 天气数据获取与写入Excel

import requests
from openpyxl import Workbookcity = input("请输入城市：")
url = f"http://api.example.com/weather?city={city}"
response = requests.get(url)
data = response.json()wb = Workbook()
sheet = wb.active
sheet.append(["城市", "温度", "湿度"])
sheet.append([city, data['temp'], data['humidity']])
wb.save('weather.xlsx')

3.3 INI转Excel工具

from configparser import ConfigParser
from openpyxl import Workbookconfig = ConfigParser()
config.read('config.ini')wb = Workbook()
for section in config.sections():sheet = wb.create_sheet(title=section)sheet.append(["Key", "Value"])for key, value in config.items(section):sheet.append([key, value])
wb.save('config.xlsx')