掌握React与TypeScript：从零开始绘制中国地图

最近我需要使用react+ts绘制一个界面，里面需要以中国地图的形式展示区块链从2019-2024年这五年的备案以及注销情况，所以研究了一下这方面的工作，初步有了一些成果，所以现在做一些分享，希望对大家有帮助！
在这篇博客中，我们将介绍如何使用 React 和 TypeScript 绘制中国地图。教程分为三个部分：介绍 GeoJSON 文件，使用 React 封装 ChinaMap 组件，以及分享遇到的坑和解决方法。

1.GeoJSON 简介与基础语法

1.什么是 GeoJSON？

GeoJSON 是一种基于 JSON（JavaScript Object Notation）格式的开放标准，用于表示各种地理数据结构。它可以表示点、线、多边形以及多点、多线、多边形集合等复杂的地理数据类型。GeoJSON 广泛用于 Web 地图应用程序中，因其易读性和与 JSON 的兼容性而受到欢迎。

2.GeoJSON 的基本结构

一个典型的 GeoJSON 文件包括以下几个部分：

1. FeatureCollection：一个要素集合，用于包含多个地理要素。
2. Feature：一个单独的地理要素，包含几何数据和属性信息。
3. Geometry：几何数据，可以是点、线、多边形等。
4. Properties：属性信息，用于描述几何数据的属性。

下面是一个基本的 GeoJSON 示例，包含一个多边形（Polygon）：

{"type": "FeatureCollection","features": [{"type": "Feature","properties": {"name": "中国"},"geometry": {"type": "Polygon","coordinates": [[[73.5, 18.2],[135.1, 18.2],[135.1, 53.6],[73.5, 53.6],[73.5, 18.2]]]}}]
}

3.GeoJSON 基础语法

1. FeatureCollection

   FeatureCollection 是 GeoJSON 文件的顶级对象，用于包含多个 Feature。

   {"type": "FeatureCollection","features": [// 这里包含多个 Feature 对象]
   }
   

2. Feature

   Feature 是一个包含几何数据和属性的对象。每个 Feature 都有一个 geometry 和一个 properties 对象。

   {"type": "Feature","properties": {"name": "某地名"},"geometry": {"type": "Polygon", // 几何类型，可以是 Point, LineString, Polygon 等"coordinates": [// 坐标数组，根据几何类型不同格式也不同]}
   }
   

3. Geometry

   Geometry 包含地理要素的几何数据，主要有以下几种类型：

   • Point：表示一个点。

     {"type": "Point","coordinates": [102.0, 0.5]
     }
     

   • LineString：表示一条线，由一系列坐标点组成。

     {"type": "LineString","coordinates": [[102.0, 0.0],[103.0, 1.0],[104.0, 0.0],[105.0, 1.0]]
     }
     

   • Polygon：表示一个多边形，由一系列坐标点组成的闭合环。

     {"type": "Polygon","coordinates": [[[100.0, 0.0],[101.0, 0.0],[101.0, 1.0],[100.0, 1.0],[100.0, 0.0]]]
     }
     

   • MultiPoint：表示多个点。

     {"type": "MultiPoint","coordinates": [[100.0, 0.0],[101.0, 1.0]]
     }
     

   • MultiLineString：表示多条线。

     {"type": "MultiLineString","coordinates": [[[100.0, 0.0],[101.0, 1.0]],[[102.0, 2.0],[103.0, 3.0]]]
     }
     

   • MultiPolygon：表示多个多边形。

     {"type": "MultiPolygon","coordinates": [[[[100.0, 0.0],[101.0, 0.0],[101.0, 1.0],[100.0, 1.0],[100.0, 0.0]]],[[[102.0, 2.0],[103.0, 2.0],[103.0, 3.0],[102.0, 3.0],[102.0, 2.0]]]]
     }
     

4. Properties

   Properties 是一个对象，用于描述几何数据的属性，可以包含任意的键值对。

   {"properties": {"name": "某地名","population": 1000000}
   }
   

4.GeoJSON 常见应用场景

1. 地图绘制：GeoJSON 常用于 Web 地图应用中，用于绘制地理边界、标记点和路线等。
2. 地理数据分析：GeoJSON 可以与 GIS（地理信息系统）结合，用于空间数据分析和可视化。
3. 数据交换：GeoJSON 是一种标准化的数据格式，适用于地理数据的交换和共享。

通过以上内容，应该对 GeoJSON 有了一个初步的了解。
接下来，我们可以继续学习如何在 React 项目中使用 GeoJSON 数据绘制中国地图。

2.用React封装ChinaMap组件

1.下载echarts

使用npm或者yarn下载echarts
1.npm下载

npm install echarts

2.yarn下载

yarn add echarts

2.下载china地图的jeojson

由第一部分介绍可知，GeoJSON是一种以json形式表示地理位置的文件，常用于地图的绘制。
因此，如果要绘制中国地图，从GeoJSON的角度出发，就是需要构建一个FeatureCollection对象，里面包含多个Feature对象，每一个Feature都是一个Polygon多边形。
具体的json文件可以去阿里的阿里可视化中心下载。
我这里直接给出对应的china.json文件，具体如下：

{"type": "FeatureCollection","features": [{"type": "Feature","id": "xin_jiang","properties": {"name": "新疆","cp": [84.9023, 41.748],"childNum": 18},"geometry": {"type": "Polygon","coordinates": [[[96.416, 42.7588],[96.416, 42.7148],[95.9766, 42.4951],[96.0645, 42.3193],[96.2402, 42.2314],[95.9766, 41.9238],[95.2734, 41.6162],[95.1855, 41.792],[94.5703, 41.4844],[94.043, 41.0889],[93.8672, 40.6934],[93.0762, 40.6494],[92.6367, 39.6387],[92.373, 39.3311],[92.373, 39.1113],[92.373, 39.0234],[90.1758, 38.4961],[90.3516, 38.2324],[90.6152, 38.3203],[90.5273, 37.8369],[91.0547, 37.4414],[91.3184, 37.0898],[90.7031, 36.7822],[90.791, 36.6064],[91.0547, 36.5186],[91.0547, 36.0791],[90.8789, 36.0352],[90, 36.2549],[89.9121, 36.0791],[89.7363, 36.0791],[89.209, 36.2988],[88.7695, 36.3428],[88.5938, 36.4746],[87.3633, 36.4307],[86.2207, 36.167],[86.1328, 35.8594],[85.6055, 35.6836],[85.0781, 35.7275],[84.1992, 35.376],[83.1445, 35.4199],[82.8809, 35.6836],[82.4414, 35.7275],[82.002, 35.332],[81.6504, 35.2441],[80.4199, 35.4199],[80.2441, 35.2881],[80.332, 35.1563],[80.2441, 35.2002],[79.8926, 34.8047],[79.8047, 34.4971],[79.1016, 34.4531],[79.0137, 34.3213],[78.2227, 34.7168],[78.0469, 35.2441],[78.0469, 35.5078],[77.4316, 35.4639],[76.8164, 35.6396],[76.5527, 35.8594],[76.2012, 35.8154],[75.9375, 36.0352],[76.0254, 36.4746],[75.8496, 36.6943],[75.498, 36.7383],[75.4102, 36.958],[75.0586, 37.002],[74.8828, 36.9141],[74.7949, 37.0459],[74.5313, 37.0898],[74.5313, 37.2217],[74.8828, 37.2217],[75.1465, 37.4414],[74.8828, 37.5732],[74.9707, 37.749],[74.8828, 38.4521],[74.3555, 38.6719],[74.1797, 38.6719],[74.0918, 38.54],[73.8281, 38.584],[73.7402, 38.8477],[73.8281, 38.9795],[73.4766, 39.375],[73.916, 39.5068],[73.916, 39.6826],[73.8281, 39.7705],[74.0039, 40.0342],[74.8828, 40.3418],[74.7949, 40.5176],[75.2344, 40.4297],[75.5859, 40.6494],[75.7617, 40.2979],[76.377, 40.3857],[76.9043, 41.001],[77.6074, 41.001],[78.1348, 41.2207],[78.1348, 41.3965],[80.1563, 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43.2422],[96.3281, 42.9346],[96.416, 42.7588]]]}},{"type": "Feature","id": "xi_zang","properties": {"name": "西藏","cp": [88.7695, 31.6846],"childNum": 7},"geometry": {"type": "Polygon","coordinates": [[[79.0137, 34.3213],[79.1016, 34.4531],[79.8047, 34.4971],[79.8926, 34.8047],[80.2441, 35.2002],[80.332, 35.1563],[80.2441, 35.2881],[80.4199, 35.4199],[81.6504, 35.2441],[82.002, 35.332],[82.4414, 35.7275],[82.8809, 35.6836],[83.1445, 35.4199],[84.1992, 35.376],[85.0781, 35.7275],[85.6055, 35.6836],[86.1328, 35.8594],[86.2207, 36.167],[87.3633, 36.4307],[88.5938, 36.4746],[88.7695, 36.3428],[89.209, 36.2988],[89.7363, 36.0791],[89.3848, 36.0352],[89.4727, 35.9033],[89.7363, 35.7715],[89.7363, 35.4199],[89.4727, 35.376],[89.4727, 35.2441],[89.5605, 34.8926],[89.8242, 34.8486],[89.7363, 34.6729],[89.8242, 34.3652],[89.6484, 34.0137],[90.0879, 33.4863],[90.7031, 33.1348],[91.4063, 33.1348],[91.9336, 32.8271],[92.1973, 32.8271],[92.2852, 32.7393],[92.9883, 32.7393],[93.5156, 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"Feature","id": "nei_meng_gu","properties": {"name": "内蒙古","cp": [117.5977, 44.3408],"childNum": 12},"geometry": {"type": "Polygon","coordinates": [[[97.207, 42.8027],[99.4922, 42.583],[100.8105, 42.6709],[101.7773, 42.4951],[102.041, 42.2314],[102.7441, 42.1436],[103.3594, 41.8799],[103.8867, 41.792],[104.502, 41.8799],[104.502, 41.6602],[105.0293, 41.5723],[105.7324, 41.9238],[107.4023, 42.4512],[109.4238, 42.4512],[110.3906, 42.7588],[111.0059, 43.3301],[111.9727, 43.6816],[111.9727, 43.8135],[111.4453, 44.3848],[111.7969, 45],[111.9727, 45.0879],[113.6426, 44.7363],[114.1699, 44.9561],[114.5215, 45.3955],[115.6641, 45.4395],[116.1914, 45.7031],[116.2793, 45.9668],[116.543, 46.2744],[117.334, 46.3623],[117.4219, 46.582],[117.7734, 46.5381],[118.3008, 46.7578],[118.7402, 46.7139],[118.916, 46.7578],[119.0918, 46.6699],[119.707, 46.626],[119.9707, 46.7139],[119.707, 47.1973],[118.4766, 47.9883],[117.8613, 48.0322],[117.334, 47.6807],[116.8066, 47.9004],[116.1914, 47.8564],[115.9277, 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}

3.ChinaMap子组件封装

这部分代码中，我下载的china.json文件和tsx文件在同一目录下，因此可以直接使用import china from ‘./china.json’;导入，具体的导入需要根据你下载的china.json存储路径来修改！

import china from './china.json';
import * as echarts from 'echarts'; //全局引入 ，可按需引入
import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';const ChinaMap = (props) => {const chartRef = useRef();const topNumber = props.data[0].value;const bottomNumber = props.data[props.data.length - 1].value;const echartsMapClick = () => {//点击地图模块逻辑事件};const mapOption = (mapName, data) => {const myChart = echarts.init(chartRef.current);echarts.registerMap(mapName, data);const option = {tooltip: {backgroundColor: 'rgba(21, 24, 45, 0.9)', // 提示框浮层的背景颜色。textStyle: {// 提示框浮层的文本样式。color: '#fff',fontSize: 14,},extraCssText: 'border-color: rgba(21, 24, 45, 0.9);',formatter: function (params) {//数据格式化const val = params.value ? params.value : 0;if (params.value) {return (params.name + '<br />' + params.seriesName + ':' + val);} else {return '暂无数据';}},},visualMap: {min: 0,max: topNumber,left: 'left',top: 'bottom',text: [topNumber, bottomNumber ], //取值范围的文字inRange: {color: ['#D2DDFF', '#6E92FF'], //取值范围的颜色},show: true, //图注},geo: {map: 'china',roam: false, //不开启缩放和平移zoom: 1.23, //视角缩放比例label: {normal: {show: true,fontSize: '10',color: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.7)',},},itemStyle: {normal: {borderColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)',},emphasis: {areaColor: '#4BD6C7', //鼠标选择区域颜色shadowOffsetX: 0,shadowOffsetY: 0,shadowBlur: 20,borderWidth: 0,shadowColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)',},},},series: [{name:'人口',type: 'map',geoIndex: 0,data: props.data,},],};myChart.setOption(option); //绘图//点击画布内还是画布外myChart.getZr().on('click', (params) => {if (params.target) {myChart.on('click', echartsMapClick); //增加点击事件}});};const loadingChina = () => {mapOption('china', china); //初始化-创建中国地图};useEffect(() => {loadingChina();}, [props.data]);return <div style={{ width: '100%', minHeight: '500px' }} ref={chartRef} />;
};
export default ChinaMap;

4.父组件应用

创建一个新的React组件，直接在return中返回地图组件，但是需要带上数据！

// 使用 Map
<ChainMap data={dataList} />

具体的数据格式按照

const list = [{'name':'武汉','value':20000},{'name':'重庆','value':4000}];

3.遇到的坑和解决方法

1. 地图无法显示：确保 leaflet.css 被正确引入，且容器的高度和宽度被设置（例如通过 style 属性）。

2. GeoJSON 数据格式问题：如果 GeoJSON 数据格式不正确，地图可能不会显示。确保你的 GeoJSON 文件是有效的，可以使用 GeoJSONLint 来验证。

3. 地图中心和缩放级别：根据你的需要调整地图的中心点和缩放级别。在中国地图的例子中，我们选择了 [35.86166, 104.195397] 作为中心点，缩放级别为 4。

4. 性能问题：如果 GeoJSON 数据非常大，可能会导致性能问题。可以考虑简化 GeoJSON 数据或使用 react-leaflet 提供的其他优化技术。

上面这些问题我倒是没遇到，但是我渲染完数据之后，发现有时候加载地图那个界面有时候会加载不出来，经过排查后发现：问题出现在这一段代码中

visualMap: {min: 0,max: topNumber,left: 'left',top: 'bottom',text: [topNumber, bottomNumber ], //取值范围的文字inRange: {color: ['#D2DDFF', '#6E92FF'], //取值范围的颜色},show: true, //图注}

为什么会出现上面的问题呢，因为，后面接入系统后，地图中的数据是通过请求后端接口获得的，而如果有时候因为各种原因后端没有及时返回数据，那么这个max:topNumber 就没有对应的数值，那么加载地图就会直接报错

SyntaxError: Failed to execute 'addColorStop' on 'CanvasGradient': The value provided ('undefined') could not be parsed as a color.

具体解决方法，在给topNumber赋值时，不要直接给它赋值，要考虑如果后端没有获取到数据的i情况，具体如下所示：

  const values = props.data.map((item) => item.value);const hasValues = values.length > 0;const topNumber = hasValues ? Math.max(...values) : 0;const bottomNumber = hasValues ? Math.min(...values) : 0;