1.前言
本篇博文并非详细的C++/CLI教程，仅是博主就学习和实践总结的部分知识点记录。
第一次接触C++/CLI是2017年了，用C++编写底层库，C++/CLI编写wrapper层，在C#项目中进行调用，开发应用。
2.内容
- C++/CLI是一种混合编程，在.NET框架下混合使用.NET和C++语言进行编程，既可以使用native C++,又可以使用managed C++(托管C++),还可以使用.NET。
- 这就说明在C++/CLI中可以用native C++编写代码，可以调用C++库，可以编写托管代码和类，可以使用.NET语言，一种典型的应用是作为Wrapper封装层来封装C++库的类和接口、做C++/C#类型的转换，然后在C#应用程序中调用，开发便捷易用的应用程序。
- 关于native C++,托管C++,CLI,CLR等概念参考托管C++、C++/CLI、CLR-腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云
- STL/CLR Library：The STL/CLR Library provides an interface similar to the C++ Standard Library containers for use with C++ and the .NET Framework common language runtime (CLR). STL/CLR is completely separate from the Microsoft implementation of the C++ Standard Library. STL/CLR is maintained for legacy support but is not kept up-to-date with the C++ standard. We strongly recommend using the native C++ Standard Library containers instead of STL/CLR whenever possible.
在C++/CLI中可以使用和C++标准库容器非常接近的容器，享受C++标准库容器的强大能力，当然不建议这种方式使用容器，建议直接使用native C++标准库；
STL/CLR Library Reference | Microsoft LearnLearn more about: STL/CLR Library Reference
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/dotnet/stl-clr-library-reference?view=msvc-170
- 在涉及C++/C#参数转换时，可直接在C++/CLI项目中编写转换函数进行【C++到C#】或【C#到C++】的参数转换，注意基本类型（int/double/float等）不需要转换，而string、容器等需要转换；
- string转换：
//返回的值需要释放内存 wchar_t *ManagedStr2UnmanagedUniStr(String^ str) {IntPtr p = Marshal::StringToHGlobalUni(str);if (p == IntPtr::Zero)return(NULL);const wchar_t *pTemp = static_cast<const wchar_t *>(p.ToPointer());if (pTemp == NULL) return NULL;size_t len = wcslen(pTemp) + 1;wchar_t *pOut = new wchar_t[len];wcscpy_s(pOut, len, pTemp);Marshal::FreeHGlobal(p);return(pOut); }//非托管字符串转托管的Unicode字符串 String ^ UnmanagedStr2ManagedUniStr(wchar_t *str) {return Marshal::PtrToStringUni((IntPtr)str); } -
可编写转换函数进行C++和C#间容器类型的转换，以便于在C#中调用带有标准C++ STL容器类型参数的C++接口；或将C#传递来的容器参数转换为C++ STL容器参数，以便调用底层C++库接口实现，
void Convert(List<LineWrapper^>^ lines, list<Line>& cLines) {if (!lines)return;for each (LineWrapper ^ line in lines){cLines.push_back(*line->GetImplPtr());} } -
可直接在C++/CLI中编写wrapper类以便于在C#项目中使用以存在的功能强大的C++类，
public ref class LineWrapper{public:LineWrapper(){mImpl = new Line();}LineWrapper(const Line* impl){mImpl = new Line(*impl);}~LineWrapper(){delete mImpl;}property Vector3Wrapperf^ Pt0{Vector3Wrapperf^ get(){Vector3f pt = mImpl->pt0;return gcnew Vector3Wrapperf(pt.X, pt.Y, pt.Z);};void set(Vector3Wrapperf^ pt){mImpl->pt0.X = pt->X;mImpl->pt0.Y = pt->Y;mImpl->pt0.Z = pt->Z;};}property Vector3Wrapperf^ Pt1{Vector3Wrapperf^ get(){Vector3f pt = mImpl->pt1;return gcnew Vector3Wrapperf(pt.X, pt.Y, pt.Z);};void set(Vector3Wrapperf^ pt){mImpl->pt1.X = pt->X;mImpl->pt1.Y = pt->Y;mImpl->pt1.Z = pt->Z;};}Line* GetImplPtr(){return mImpl;}private:Line* mImpl;}; -
对于native C++库中的模板类，在C++/CLI项目中需要继承方式实例化模板类，从而在C#项目中使用实例化的类，
template<typename T>public ref class Vector3Wrapper{public:static Vector3Wrapper^ BasicX = gcnew Vector3Wrapper;static Vector3Wrapper^ BasicY = gcnew Vector3Wrapper;static Vector3Wrapper^ BasicZ = gcnew Vector3Wrapper;static Vector3Wrapper^ Zero = gcnew Vector3Wrapper;public:property T X{void set(T x) { mImpl->X = x; }T get() { return mImpl->X; }}property T Y{void set(T y) { mImpl->Y = y; }T get() { return mImpl->Y; }}property T Z{void set(T z) { mImpl->Z = z; }T get() { return mImpl->Z; }}Vector3Wrapper() { mImpl = new Vector3<T>(); }Vector3Wrapper(const Vector3<T>* impl) { mImpl = new Vector3<T>(*impl); }Vector3Wrapper(T x, T y, T z) { mImpl = new Vector3<T>(x,y,z); }template<typename ST> Vector3Wrapper(Vector3Wrapper<ST>% other) { mImpl = new Vector3<T>(*other.mImpl); };virtual ~Vector3Wrapper() { delete mImpl; };public:void Normalize() { mImpl->Normalize(); };// define other functions hereVector3<T>* GetImplPtr() { return mImpl; };private:Vector3<T>* mImpl;};public ref class Vector3Wrapperf : public Vector3Wrapper<float>{public:Vector3Wrapperf(float x, float y, float z) : Vector3Wrapper(x, y, z) {}Vector3Wrapperf(): Vector3Wrapper(){ }Vector3Wrapperf(const Vector3<float>* impl): Vector3Wrapper(impl){ }~Vector3Wrapperf() { };//define other functions here}; -
在C++/CLI项目中同样需要提取公共函数或类，便于使用，
3.参考文章
1、从C++到C++/CLI
https://www.cnblogs.com/feisky/archive/2009/11/22/1607999.htmlhttps://www.cnblogs.com/feisky/archive/2009/11/22/1607999.html2、相关博文：
C++/CLI 总结_array^ arr = gcnew-CSDN博客文章浏览阅读1.2k次，点赞5次，收藏14次。在Windows上，除非我们必须得用C++来写界面，否则我会选择避免，避免学习和使用MFC。替代的方案是用C#来做界面，然后用C++/CLI来连接C#和Native C++。那么问题来了，C++/CLI是何方神圣？ 百度上对于C++/CLI是这么说的——“C++/CLI是静态C++对象模型到CLI的动态组件对象编程模型的捆绑。简而言之就是如何用C++在·NET中编程，而不是C#或Visual B..._array^ arr = gcnewhttps://blog.csdn.net/weixin_29130507/article/details/802673293、微软官方说明文档：
Generic Classes (C++/CLI) | Microsoft LearnLearn more about: Generic Classes (C++/CLI)https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/extensions/generic-classes-cpp-cli?view=msvc-170.NET programming with C++/CLI | Microsoft LearnLearn how to use C++/CLI to create .NET apps and components in Visual Studio.https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/dotnet/dotnet-programming-with-cpp-cli-visual-cpp?view=msvc-170Generic Functions (C++/CLI) | Microsoft LearnLearn more about: Generic functions (C++/CLI)https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/extensions/generic-functions-cpp-cli?view=msvc-170
4、【原】C++与C#对常用数据结构封装的对比（STL vs System.Collections.Generic）https://www.cnblogs.com/cocoaleaves/archive/2009/05/30/1492269.html
5、Convert all values from dictionary into list in C++/CLIc++ cli - Convert all values from dictionary into list in C++/CLI - Stack Overflow
6、c++ - Cpp/Cli Convert std::map to .net dictionary - Stack Overflow
7、C++/CLI封装原生C++库供.NET项目调用-CSDN博客
8、Use C++ CLI template class in C#
.net - Use C++ CLI template class in C# - Stack Overflow
9、C++/CLI: functions inherited from template class are not visible in C#
.net - C++/CLI: functions inherited from template class are not visible in C# - Stack Overflow