引言
英语的时态(Tense)是一种动词形式,不同时态用于表示不同时间,例如do
, did
分别表示现在和过去。
英语中共有16种时态,如下表所示:
现在 | 过去 | 将来 | 过去将来 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
一般 | 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | 一般将来时 | 一般过去将来时 |
完成 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | 将来完成时 | 过去将来完成时 |
进行 | 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | 将来进行时 | 过去将来进行时 |
完成进行 | 现在完成进行 | 过去完成进行时 | 将来完成进行 | 过去将来完成进行时 |
这16种时态里并不都常用,最常用的是下面四种时态:
- 一般现在时:do /does,经常发生的相同动作(表示常态平常,总是,老是这样)
- 一般过去式:did,动作在过去发生
- 一般将来时:be going to do,动作还未发生(有准备,打算的意味)。
- 现在进行时:be doing,动作正在发生(正在进行的动作)
句子公式
疑问句的句子公式为:疑问词 + 时表词 + 主语 + 句剩 + 动词 + 其他
。
公式中各个部分所填内容如下:
疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词 | 其他 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Who / Whom/ What / Whose / Which / When / Where / Why / How | do/does/did/be(am is are) | 第一/二/三人称 | going to(只用于将来时) | do/eat/play等 | 动词后面的补充内容 |
其中,带疑问词时为特殊疑问句,例如:
- Where did you go? 你刚才去哪儿了?
- When do you come back? 你平常都什么时候回来?
- What are you eating?你在吃什么?
- How did you tell him? 你怎么跟他说的?
不带疑问词时为一般疑问句,例如:
- Do you know him?
- Did you see him?
- Are you going to eat?
- Are you eating?
人称形式
人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
我 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
我们 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
你 | You | you | your | yours | yourself |
你们 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves |
他 | he | him | his | his | himself |
她 | she | her | her | hers | herself |
它 | it | it | its | its | itself |
他们 | They | them | their | theirs | themselves |
疑问词和主语相同
一般过去时和一般现在时在疑问词和主语相同时有特殊性,例如:
- what did what happened?
这种表达有些冗余,所以一般会作下面两个简化:
- 省略主语
- 时表词和动词靠一起的时候将时表词省略掉,并把第三人称单数改到动词上
例句:
- what did (what) happen? ==> what happened?
- who did eat my breakfast? ==> who ate my breakfast?
- who does (who) know him? ===> who knows him?
当疑问词和主语相同但不知道是复数还是单数时,统一用单数。
- who eats at home? who watches tv?
- who has a pen?
- who cares? who knows him? who hates him ? who likes me ? who has interest?
对于现在进行时和一般将来时,当疑问词和主语相同时,将主语省略掉
- who is (who) crying?
- who is (who) going to bejing?
动词的延续性
英译汉时区分动词的延续性。
一般现在时的本质:以现在为中心的延续性的行为,汉语中有两种情况表示延续性的行为:
- 延续时间短或不可延续的词 + 表重复的词(平常、一般、老) = 表示习惯性行为,例如:eat、watch、come、watch、study、call
- Do you eat at home? ===> 你平常在家吃饭吗?
- 延续时间长的词或者真理,不需要重复即可持续,例如:know, have, like, hate, want, need, look like等
- Do you have a pen? ===> 你有铅笔吗?
- Does the earth go round the sum? ===> 地球是绕着太阳转吗?
对于延续时长的词,一般现在时与现在进行时没有本质区别:
- Do you love me? ===> 你爱我吗?
- Are you loving me? ====> Do you love me now? ===> 你正在爱着我吗?
不可以延续的词可以用现在进行时表将来:例如go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin
- I’m going to bejing. === I’m going to go to bejing.
- class is starting === class is going to start.
How
-
修饰形容词(How old / How big / how beautiful / how tall / how long / how many / how much)
- How old is he ? 他多大了?
- How many desks are there in your class? 你们班有多少张桌子?
- How long has he lived here? 他住这儿多久了?
-
修饰副词( how fast / how often / how soon / how slowly / how much / how long)
- How much milk is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少牛奶?
- How often do you go to see your friends? 他多久见一次他的朋友?
- How soon can he finish it ? 他多快能完成?
-
How单独用并修饰动词时,提问方式用“怎么”;
- How did she get beautiful? 她怎么变得漂亮的?
- How is she beautiful? 她怎么会漂亮呢?
相关阅读
- 口语笔记——被动语态
- 口语笔记——现在完成时
- 口语笔记——虚拟语气