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在现代的软件开发中，TCP协议广泛应用于需要高效、低延迟数据传输的场景。相较于HTTP协议，TCP提供了更底层的控制和更高的性能，适用于嵌入式设备、实时数据传输等应用。Vert.x是一个基于事件驱动、异步和多线程的高效开发框架，特别适合用于构建TCP服务。本文将介绍如何使用Vert.x在Java中实现自定义TCP协议。

一、环境准备

创建Maven项目：首先，创建一个Maven项目，并添加Vert.x核心依赖。

<dependencies>  <dependency>  <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>  <artifactId>vertx-core</artifactId>  <version>4.2.7</version>  </dependency>  
</dependencies>

二、定义协议格式

在自定义TCP协议时，需要定义协议的格式。这里采用一个简单的二进制格式：
协议结构实体类

/*** 协议消息结构*/
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class ProtocolMessage<T> {/*** 消息头*/private Header header;/*** 消息体（请求或响应对象）*/private T body;/*** 协议消息头*/@Datapublic static class Header {/*** 魔数，保证安全性*/private byte magic;/*** 版本号*/private byte version;/*** 序列化器*/private byte serializer;/*** 消息类型（请求 / 响应）*/private byte type;/*** 状态*/private byte status;/*** 请求 id*/private long requestId;/*** 消息体长度*/private int bodyLength;}}

三、实现编码器和解码器

vert.x 的TCP 服务器收发的消息是 Buffer 类型，不能直接写入一个对象。因此，我们需要编码器和解码器，将 Java 的消息对象和 Buffer进行相互转换。

/*** 协议消息解码器*/
public class ProtocolMessageDecoder {/*** 解码** @param buffer* @return* @throws IOException*/public static ProtocolMessage<?> decode(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {// 分别从指定位置读出 BufferProtocolMessage.Header header = new ProtocolMessage.Header();byte magic = buffer.getByte(0);// 校验魔数if (magic != ProtocolConstant.PROTOCOL_MAGIC) {throw new RuntimeException("消息 magic 非法");}header.setMagic(magic);header.setVersion(buffer.getByte(1));header.setSerializer(buffer.getByte(2));header.setType(buffer.getByte(3));header.setStatus(buffer.getByte(4));header.setRequestId(buffer.getLong(5));header.setBodyLength(buffer.getInt(13));// 解决粘包问题，只读指定长度的数据byte[] bodyBytes = buffer.getBytes(17, 17 + header.getBodyLength());// 解析消息体ProtocolMessageSerializerEnum serializerEnum = ProtocolMessageSerializerEnum.getEnumByKey(header.getSerializer());if (serializerEnum == null) {throw new RuntimeException("序列化消息的协议不存在");}Serializer serializer = SerializerFactory.getInstance(serializerEnum.getValue());ProtocolMessageTypeEnum messageTypeEnum = ProtocolMessageTypeEnum.getEnumByKey(header.getType());if (messageTypeEnum == null) {throw new RuntimeException("序列化消息的类型不存在");}switch (messageTypeEnum) {case REQUEST:RpcRequest request = serializer.deserialize(bodyBytes, RpcRequest.class);return new ProtocolMessage<>(header, request);case RESPONSE:RpcResponse response = serializer.deserialize(bodyBytes, RpcResponse.class);return new ProtocolMessage<>(header, response);case HEART_BEAT:case OTHERS:default:throw new RuntimeException("暂不支持该消息类型");}}}

编码器

public class ProtocolMessageEncoder {/*** 编码** @param protocolMessage* @return* @throws IOException*/public static Buffer encode(ProtocolMessage<?> protocolMessage) throws IOException {if (protocolMessage == null || protocolMessage.getHeader() == null) {return Buffer.buffer();}ProtocolMessage.Header header = protocolMessage.getHeader();// 依次向缓冲区写入字节Buffer buffer = Buffer.buffer();buffer.appendByte(header.getMagic());buffer.appendByte(header.getVersion());buffer.appendByte(header.getSerializer());buffer.appendByte(header.getType());buffer.appendByte(header.getStatus());buffer.appendLong(header.getRequestId());// 获取序列化器ProtocolMessageSerializerEnum serializerEnum = ProtocolMessageSerializerEnum.getEnumByKey(header.getSerializer());if (serializerEnum == null) {throw new RuntimeException("序列化协议不存在");}Serializer serializer = SerializerFactory.getInstance(serializerEnum.getValue());byte[] bodyBytes = serializer.serialize(protocolMessage.getBody());// 写入 body 长度和数据buffer.appendInt(bodyBytes.length);buffer.appendBytes(bodyBytes);return buffer;}
}

四、实现TCP服务器

创建一个服务处理类，处理请求和响应

public class TcpServerHandler implements Handler<NetSocket> {@Overridepublic void handle(NetSocket netSocket) {// 处理连接netSocket.handler(buffer -> {// 接受请求，解码ProtocolMessage<RpcRequest> protocolMessage;try {protocolMessage = (ProtocolMessage<RpcRequest>) ProtocolMessageDecoder.decode(buffer);} catch (IOException e) {throw new RuntimeException("协议消息解码错误");}RpcRequest rpcRequest = protocolMessage.getBody();// 处理请求// 构造响应结果对象RpcResponse rpcResponse = new RpcResponse();try {// 获取要调用的服务实现类，通过反射调用Class<?> implClass = LocalRegistry.get(rpcRequest.getServiceName());Method method = implClass.getMethod(rpcRequest.getMethodName(), rpcRequest.getParameterTypes());Object result = method.invoke(implClass.newInstance(), rpcRequest.getArgs());// 封装返回结果rpcResponse.setData(result);rpcResponse.setDataType(method.getReturnType());rpcResponse.setMessage("ok");} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();rpcResponse.setMessage(e.getMessage());rpcResponse.setException(e);}// 发送响应，编码ProtocolMessage.Header header = protocolMessage.getHeader();header.setType((byte) ProtocolMessageTypeEnum.RESPONSE.getKey());ProtocolMessage<RpcResponse> responseProtocolMessage = new ProtocolMessage<>(header, rpcResponse);try {Buffer encode = ProtocolMessageEncoder.encode(responseProtocolMessage);netSocket.write(encode);} catch (IOException e) {throw new RuntimeException("协议消息编码错误");}});}
}

实现TCP服务器

public class VertxTcpServer implements HttpServer {private byte[] handleRequest(byte[] requestData)  {// 在这里编写处理请求的逻辑，根据 requestData 构造响应数据并返回return "Hello, client!".getBytes();}@Overridepublic void doStart(int port) {// 创建 Vert.x 实例Vertx vertx = Vertx.vertx();// 创建 TCP 服务器NetServer server = vertx.createNetServer();// 处理请求server.connectHandler(new TcpServerHandler());// 启动 TCP 服务器并监听指定端口server.listen(port, result -> {if (result.succeeded()) {System.out.println("TCP server started on port " + port);} else {System.err.println("Failed to start TCP server: " + result.cause());}});}public static void main(String[] args) {new VertxTcpServer().doStart(8888);}
}

五、编写一个TCP客户端用于测试服务器。

public class VertxTcpClient {private final static String HOST = "127.0.0.1";private final static Integer PORT = 8888;private final static byte SETSERIALIZER = 0x1;private final static byte VERSION = 0x1;private final static byte MAGIC = 0x1;private final static byte TYPE = 0x1;public void start() {try {// 发送 TCP 请求Vertx vertx = Vertx.vertx();NetClient netClient = vertx.createNetClient();netClient.connect(PORT, HOST,result -> {if (result.succeeded()) {System.out.println("Connected to TCP server");io.vertx.core.net.NetSocket socket = result.result();// 发送数据// 构造消息ProtocolMessage<Object> protocolMessage = new ProtocolMessage<>();ProtocolMessage.Header header = new ProtocolMessage.Header();header.setMagic(MAGIC);header.setVersion(VERSION);header.setSerializer((SETSERIALIZER);header.setType(TYPE);header.setRequestId(IdUtil.getSnowflakeNextId());protocolMessage.setHeader(header);protocolMessage.setBody(null);// 编码请求try {Buffer encodeBuffer = ProtocolMessageEncoder.encode(protocolMessage);socket.write(encodeBuffer);} catch (IOException e) {throw new RuntimeException("协议消息编码错误");}// 接收响应socket.handler(buffer -> {try {ProtocolMessage<Response> ResponseProtocolMessage = (ProtocolMessage<Response>) ProtocolMessageDecoder.decode(buffer);} catch (IOException e) {throw new RuntimeException("协议消息解码错误");}});} else {System.err.println("Failed to connect to TCP server");}});// 记得关闭连接netClient.close();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}public static void main(String[] args) {new VertxTcpClient().start();}
}

六、总结
本文介绍了如何使用Vert.x在Java中实现自定义TCP协议。通过定义协议格式、实现TCP服务器和客户端，我们可以构建高效、低延迟的数据传输系统。Vert.x的异步、事件驱动特性使得它在处理大量并发连接时表现优异，非常适合用于实时通信、物联网等场景。希望本文对你有所帮助，祝你编程愉快！