我写很多关于如何更好地学习的文章，同时也收到很多读者的来信，从学习生物到学习打篮球都有。我发现有许多常见的错误，让学习变得困难
In this article I wanted to share some of the most common mistakes I’ve seen and how you can avoid them.
在这篇文章中，我想和大家分享一些最常见的错误，以及如何避免它们。
Mistake #1: Memorizing What Needs to be Understood
错误-:以记忆代替理解
I die a little inside whenever I get an email asking how to memorize formulas for a math or physics class.Memory is important, and you do need to be able to remember formulas and facts for exams.But trying to memorize undermines your success in many subjects.
每次收到读者来信，问我如何记忆数学或物理公式，我就感到一丝绝望。记忆确实重要，你也需要记住公式和知识点以应对考试，但对很多科目来说，死记硬背都不利于成功。
Consider the classic physics formula F=ma.As a student, you might see this formula on a sheet along with a dozen other similar looking strings of letters and numbers.At first glance, it might seem that the only way to learn it is to memorize.
以经典的物理公式F=ma为例。作为学生，你也许在一张纸上看到这个公式，旁边还有一大堆看上去差不多的由字母和数字组成的式子。乍看上去，似乎学习的唯一方法就是记忆。
In reality, F=ma is just the skin of a much deeper insight.Here the idea is about how objects move.You should be able to look at this formula and see immediately that a ten pound rock requires twice as much force as a five pund rock to get the same acceleration.You should be able to combine this formula with others-W=Fd to figure out how much energy it takes to get those rocks moving at 100 miles per hour.
事实上，F=ma不过是一个深刻得多的思想的外皮，它所描述的是物体如何运动。看着这个公式，你应该能够迅速反应出一块10磅的石头需要两倍的推力，才能获得和一块5磅的石头同样的加速度。你还应该能够把这个公式与其他公式联系起来，例如结合W=Fd，计算出以每小时100英里的速度移动这些石头要消耗多少能量。
The problem with memorizing these facts is that what you really need to learn are the connections between the facts and the deeper insights they represent.The added benefit is when you approach many subjects from this perspective, the need to memorize goes away.Formulas are automatically remembered because they’re the only logically consistent option with the mental framework you’ve created.
只记忆这些知识点的不足在于真正需要学习的是这些知识点之间的联系，以及它们所表达的更深刻的思想。当以这样的观念来学习很多科目时!一个额外的好处是不再需要死记硬背了。因为根据你所搭建的思维框架，逻辑上只能是公式所描述的那样，于是自动就记住了。
Mistake #2 Not Enough Practice
错误二:练习不足
Going to class isn’t practice.Highlighting a textbook isn’t practice.Rereading notes isn’t practice.These activities may be useful, to a point, but your learning generally suffers when you spend most of your time on them instead of practicing.
上课不等于练习，在课本上勾勾画画不等于练习，复习笔记也不等于练习。在某种程度上，这些步骤或许有用，但如果你把大部分时间都花在这些方面而不去练习，学习的效果就会打折扣。
Pactice means trying to answer a question without looking at the answer first.It means performing a skill not just learning about it.It means getting feedback on whether your attempt was correct or not.
练习意味着尝试不先看答案而回答一个问题，意味着运用一项技能而不只是学习它，意味着获得反馈以了解自己的想法正确与否。
It’s almost impossible to practice too much, especially if the practice activity you’re using is hightly similar to the conditions you want to perform in.For hightly concptual subjects like math or physics, I found spending at least 50% of my time on practice to be ideal.For less conceptual subjects, like languages, that number may be over 90%.
怎么练习都不为过，尤其当练习活动与未来应用的条件高度相似时更是如此。对于高度概念性的科目，例如数学和物理，我发现至少花50%的时间用于练习是比较理想的;而对于概念性不那么强的科目，例如语言，用于练习的时间可能超过90%。
You can practice by self-testing even if you don’t hae a lot of material.The next time you’re reading a book you want to remember deeply, write questions instead of statements in your notebook.For example, if your book explains the difference between breadth-first and depth-first searches, don’t jot down the differences, write a question such as “Which type of search is guaranteed to halt?”
即使没有很多的学习材料，也可以通过自测来练习。下次在看一本想要牢牢记住的书时，在笔记本上写下问题而不是陈述句。比方说，如果这本书解释了广度优先搜索和深度优先搜索的区别，不要光记下这些区别，而是写下一个问题，例如:哪种搜索一定能够终止?
Later, you can use this notebook to ask yourself questions about the subject matter.If you remember , great.If you don’t go back to the page and check it again.Not only will this clue you in on the things you’re forgetting, but the act of rechecking a mistake imprints that fact more deeply into you head.
之后，你就可以用这个笔记本来问自己相关的问题。如果你记得答案，那太好了;如果不记得了，重新阅读，再次核实。这样做不只会告诉你哪些内容正在遗忘，而且再三纠错会加深头脑对这个知识点的记忆。
Mistake #3:Not Choosing the Right Environment
错误三:没有选择正确的环境
Making one big change is often easier than making many small ones.Your learning environment is often taht big change that can have a dramatic impact on how much you learn for the same amount of effort and intelligence.
做一个重大改变通常比做许多小改变更容易。在同等的天赋和努力下，你的学习环境就是那个重大的改变，会深刻影响你所学到的知识的多与寡.
Consider learning a language.You could buy self-study courses, sign up for a university class and force yourself through endless grammer exercises.Or you could commit to immersing yourself for a certain amount of your time.I’m doing this right now by living a broad , but other learners have gotten similar results without leaving home.
以学习一门语言为例。你可以购买自学课程，注册一门大学课程，强迫自己完成无穷尽的语法练习。或者你也可以花一定时间，让自己浸泡在那个语言环境中。我正在这样做，通过在国外居住一段时间来学习语言，但其他学习者不离开家也取得了类似的效果。
Another example might be writing.You could read a ton of books on writing and type drafts in your spare time, or you could start a blog and start getting feedback on your writing immediately.If you’re a blogger looking to improve further, writing under an editor for another publication or for a book forces you to reach a higher level of quality taan your readers insist on.
另一个例子是写作。你可以在空闲时间阅读大量的书并不断练笔，或者也可以开通一个博客，迅速获得写作的反馈。如果你是一个博主，希望进一步提高写作水平，为期刊或图书编辑写稿会迫使你达到一个高于读者要求的水准。
