红黑树的概念
红黑树的性质
- 每个结点不是红色就是黑色
- 根节点是黑色的
- 如果一个节点是红色的,则它的两个孩子结点是黑色的
- 对于每个结点,从该结点到其所有后代叶结点的简单路径上,均 包含相同数目的黑色结点
- 每个叶子结点都是黑色的(此处的叶子结点指的是空结点)
红黑树与AVL树的区别
1. 调整平衡的实现机制
- 红黑树:通过节点的颜色(红色或黑色)以及一系列的旋转操作(左旋、右旋)来维持树的平衡。红黑树的平衡条件包括:每个节点是红色或黑色;根节点是黑色;所有叶子(NIL节点,空节点)都是黑色;每个红色节点的两个子节点都是黑色(即不能有两个连续的红色节点);从任一节点到其每个叶子的所有简单路径都包含相同数目的黑色节点。这些条件确保了红黑树在结构上大致平衡,但并非严格平衡。
- AVL树:通过计算每个节点的平衡因子(左子树高度与右子树高度的差)来维持树的平衡。AVL树的平衡条件是任何节点的两个子树的高度最大差别为1。当进行插入或删除操作时,如果破坏了这一平衡条件,就需要通过旋转(单旋、双旋)来重新平衡树。
2. 效率
- 插入和删除操作:红黑树在插入和删除节点时,通过较少的旋转次数来维持树的平衡,通常不超过三次旋转。这使得红黑树在插入和删除操作上的效率相对较高。而AVL树由于是严格平衡的二叉树,因此在插入和删除节点时可能需要更多的旋转次数来维持平衡,特别是在树的高度较高时。
- 查找操作:在查找效率上,AVL树由于节点分布更均匀,通常具有更高的查找效率。然而,红黑树虽然不如AVL树严格平衡,但其查找效率也非常高,可以保持在O(log n)的时间复杂度内。
3. 适用性
- 红黑树:由于其插入和删除操作的效率较高,且平衡调整相对简单,因此更适用于那些需要频繁进行插入和删除操作的应用场景。此外,红黑树也是实现关联数组(如C++ STL中的map和set)的常用数据结构。
- AVL树:由于其查找效率较高,因此更适用于那些查找操作远多于插入和删除操作的应用场景。然而,在需要频繁进行插入和删除操作的应用场景中,AVL树的效率可能会受到一定影响。
enum Colour
{RED,BLACK
};template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{pair<K, V> _kv;RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;Color _col;RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv):_kv(kv), _left(nullptr), _right(nullptr), _parent(nullptr){}
};
红黑树的插入操作




针对每种情况进行相应的处理即可。
bool Insert(const T& data){if (_root == nullptr){_root = new Node(data);_root->_col = BLACK;return true;}KeyOfT kot;Node* parent = nullptr;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (kot(cur->_data) < kot(data)){parent = cur;cur = cur->_right;}else if (kot(cur->_data) > kot(data)){parent = cur;cur = cur->_left;}else{return false;}}cur = new Node(data);// 新增节点。颜色红色给红色cur->_col = RED;if (kot(parent->_data) < kot(data)){parent->_right = cur;}else{parent->_left = cur;}cur->_parent = parent;while (parent && parent->_col == RED){Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;// g// p uif (parent == grandfather->_left){Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED){//cur 的 parent节点的兄弟节点uncle 存在且为红色--变色parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;cur = grandfather;parent = cur->_parent;}else //uncle 存在为黑色或者不存在,需要旋转{if (cur == parent->_left){// g p// p (u) c g//c (u) //单旋RotateR(grandfather);parent->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}else{// g g c// p (u) c (u) p g// c p (u) //双旋RotateL(parent);RotateR(grandfather);cur->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}break;}}else{// g// u pNode* uncle = grandfather->_left;// uncle存在且为红-变色即可if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED){parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;// 继续往上处理cur = grandfather;parent = cur->_parent;}else //uncle不存在,或者存在且为黑{// uncle不存在或者存在且为黑-旋转+变色// g// (u) p// cif (cur == parent->_right){RotateL(grandfather);parent->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}else{// g// (u) p// cRotateR(parent);RotateL(grandfather);cur->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}break;} }}_root->_col = BLACK;return true;}
红黑树的验证
- 检测其是否满足二叉搜索树(中序遍历是否为有序序列)
- 检测其是否满足红黑树的性质
bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum){if (root == nullptr){//cout << blackNum << endl;if (refNum != blackNum){cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;return false;}return true;}if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED){cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;return false;}if (root->_col == BLACK){blackNum++;}return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);}int _Size(Node* root){return root == nullptr ? 0 : _Size(root->_left) + _Size(root->_right) + 1;}int _Height(Node* root){if (root == nullptr)return 0;int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1;}
红黑树的迭代器
1. begin()与end()
Iterator Begin(){Node* leftMost = _root;while (leftMost && leftMost->_left){leftMost = leftMost->_left;}return Iterator(leftMost);}Iterator End(){return Iterator(nullptr);}
2. operator++()与operator--()
operator++()
首先++应是指向当前节点右子树的最左节点,然后如果该节点没有右子树,那便向上返回
注意,在这里的向上返回不仅仅是回到上一个节点,如上图,如果it++回到1处的话便会形成死循环。在这里,++应该将_node 改变为prev(其条件是 it上一个节点的左边是it)
operator--()
同样operator--()应该是走向左子树的最右节点,如果该节点不存在左子树,那么回到上一个右边指向it 的节点。
operator--()中需要注意的是,应为在上面我们将end()放在了最大节点的下一个空节点中,所以我们需要进行一次特殊处理,即如果对end()--,应该将_node 改变为最右节点。
template<class T, class Ref, class Ptr>
struct RBTreeIterator
{typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;typedef RBTreeIterator<T, Ref, Ptr> Self;Node* _node;Node* _root;RBTreeIterator(Node* node, Node* root):_node(node),_root(root){}Self& operator++(){if (_node->_right){// 右不为空,右子树最左节点就是中序第一个Node* leftMost = _node->_right;while (leftMost->_left){leftMost = leftMost->_left;}_node = leftMost;}else{// 孩子是父亲左的那个祖先Node* cur = _node;Node* parent = cur->_parent;while (parent && cur == parent->_right){cur = parent;parent = cur->_parent;}_node = parent;}return *this;}Self& operator--(){if (_node == nullptr) // end(){// --end(),特殊处理,走到中序最后一个节点,整棵树的最右节点Node* rightMost = _root;while (rightMost && rightMost->_right){rightMost = rightMost->_right;}_node = rightMost;}else if (_node->_left){// 左子树不为空,中序左子树最后一个Node* rightMost = _node->_left;while (rightMost->_right){rightMost = rightMost->_right;}_node = rightMost;}else{// 孩子是父亲右的那个祖先Node* cur = _node;Node* parent = cur->_parent;while (parent && cur == parent->_left){cur = parent;parent = cur->_parent;}_node = parent;}return *this;}//其他内容Ref operator*(){return _node->_data;}Ptr operator->(){return &_node->_data;}bool operator!= (const Self& s){return _node != s._node;}bool operator== (const Self& s){return _node == s._node;}
};
总结:
优缺点
优点:
- 查找、插入和删除操作的平均和最坏情况时间复杂度都是O(log n),性能优秀。
- 平衡性使得红黑树对于动态插入、删除元素的应用场景非常适合。
- 应用广泛,是许多高性能数据结构库的重要组成部分。
缺点:
- 实现相对复杂,需要维护节点的颜色和平衡。
- 在进行大量插入和删除操作的情况下,可能会造成频繁的树重构,影响性能。
- 需要额外的空间来存储颜色信息,相对于其他数据结构,空间占用率可能会更高。
综上所述,红黑树是一种高效且广泛应用的自平衡二叉查找树,它通过特定的性质和操作来保持树的平衡,从而保证了高效的查找、插入和删除操作。
代码:
注意:为了实现map 与 set 的应用,在RBTreeNode中将数据改成了T,其可以是单个的key,也可以是pair<key,value>,所以还加入了KeyOfT用于得到T中的Key值。
enum Color
{RED,BLACK
};template<class T>
struct RBTreeNode
{T _data;RBTreeNode<T>* _left;RBTreeNode<T>* _right;RBTreeNode<T>* _parent;Color _col;RBTreeNode(const T& data): _data(data), _left(nullptr), _right(nullptr), _parent(nullptr){}
};template<class T, class Ptr, class Ref>
struct RBTreeIterator
{typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;typedef RBTreeIterator<T, Ref, Ptr> Self;Node* _node;Node* _root;RBTreeIterator(Node* node, Node* root):_node(node),_root(root){}Self& operator++(){if (_node->_right){// 右不为空,右子树最左节点Node* leftMost = _node->_right;while (leftMost->_left){leftMost = leftMost->_left;}_node = leftMost;}else{// 孩子是父亲左孩子的那个祖先节点Node* cur = _node;Node* parent = cur->_parent;while (parent && cur == parent->_right){cur = parent;parent = cur->_parent;}_node = parent;}return *this;}Self& operator--(){if (_node == nullptr) // end(){// --end(),特殊处理,走向整棵树的最右节点Node* rightMost = _root;while (rightMost && rightMost->_right){rightMost = rightMost->_right;}_node = rightMost;}else if (_node->_left){// 左子树不为空,中序左子树最右节点Node* rightMost = _node->_left;while (rightMost->_right){rightMost = rightMost->_right;}_node = rightMost;}else{// 孩子是父亲右的那个祖先节点Node* cur = _node;Node* parent = cur->_parent;while (parent && cur == parent->_left){cur = parent;parent = cur->_parent;}_node = parent;}return *this;}Ref operator*(){return _node->_data;}Ptr operator->(){return &_node->_data;}bool operator!= (const Self& s){return _node != s._node;}bool operator== (const Self& s){return _node == s._node;}
};template<class K, class T, class KeyOfT>
class RBTree
{typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
public:typedef RBTreeIterator<T, T&, T*> Iterator;typedef RBTreeIterator<T, const T&, const T*> ConstIterator;Iterator Begin(){Node* leftMost = _root;while (leftMost && leftMost->_left){leftMost = leftMost->_left;}return Iterator(leftMost, _root);}Iterator End(){return Iterator(nullptr, _root);}ConstIterator Begin() const{Node* leftMost = _root;while (leftMost && leftMost->_left){leftMost = leftMost->_left;}return ConstIterator(leftMost, _root);}ConstIterator End() const{return ConstIterator(nullptr, _root);}RBTree() = default;RBTree(const RBTree& t){_root = Copy(t._root);}RBTree& operator=(RBTree t){swap(_root, t._root);return *this;}~RBTree(){Destroy(_root);_root = nullptr;}pair<Iterator, bool> Insert(const T& data){if (_root == nullptr){_root = new Node(data);_root->_col = BLACK;return make_pair(Iterator(_root, _root), true);}KeyOfT kot;Node* parent = nullptr;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (kot(cur->_data) < kot(data)){parent = cur;cur = cur->_right;}else if (kot(cur->_data) > kot(data)){parent = cur;cur = cur->_left;}else{return make_pair(Iterator(cur, _root), false);}}cur = new Node(data);Node* newnode = cur;// 新增节点。颜色红色给红色cur->_col = RED;if (kot(parent->_data) < kot(data)){parent->_right = cur;}else{parent->_left = cur;}cur->_parent = parent;while (parent && parent->_col == RED){Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;// g// p uif (parent == grandfather->_left){Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED){// u存在且为红 -》变色再继续往上处理parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;cur = grandfather;parent = cur->_parent;}else{// u存在且为黑或不存在 -》旋转+变色if (cur == parent->_left){// g// p u//c//单旋RotateR(grandfather);parent->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}else{// g// p u// c//双旋RotateL(parent);RotateR(grandfather);cur->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}break;}}else{// g// u pNode* uncle = grandfather->_left;// 叔叔存在且为红,-》变色即可if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED){parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;// 继续往上处理cur = grandfather;parent = cur->_parent;}else // 叔叔不存在,或者存在且为黑{// 情况二:叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑// 旋转+变色// g// u p// cif (cur == parent->_right){RotateL(grandfather);parent->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}else{// g// u p// cRotateR(parent);RotateL(grandfather);cur->_col = BLACK;grandfather->_col = RED;}break;} }}_root->_col = BLACK;return make_pair(Iterator(newnode, _root), true);}void InOrder(){_InOrder(_root);cout << endl;}int Height(){return _Height(_root);}int Size(){return _Size(_root);}bool IsBalance(){if (_root == nullptr)return true;if (_root->_col == RED){return false;}// 参考值int refNum = 0;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (cur->_col == BLACK){++refNum;}cur = cur->_left;}return Check(_root, 0, refNum);}Iterator Find(const K& key){Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (cur->_kv.first < key){cur = cur->_right;}else if (cur->_kv.first > key){cur = cur->_left;}else{return Iterator(cur, _root);}}return End();}private:bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum){if (root == nullptr){//cout << blackNum << endl;if (refNum != blackNum){cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;return false;}return true;}if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED){cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;return false;}if (root->_col == BLACK){blackNum++;}return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);}int _Size(Node* root){return root == nullptr ? 0 : _Size(root->_left) + _Size(root->_right) + 1;}int _Height(Node* root){if (root == nullptr)return 0;int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1;}void _InOrder(Node* root){if (root == nullptr){return;}_InOrder(root->_left);cout << root->_kv.first << ":" << root->_kv.second << endl;_InOrder(root->_right);}void RotateL(Node* parent){_rotateNum++;Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL = subR->_left;parent->_right = subRL;if (subRL)subRL->_parent = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;subR->_left = parent;parent->_parent = subR;if (parentParent == nullptr){_root = subR;subR->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parent == parentParent->_left){parentParent->_left = subR;}else{parentParent->_right = subR;}subR->_parent = parentParent;}}void RotateR(Node* parent){_rotateNum++;Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;parent->_left = subLR;if (subLR)subLR->_parent = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;subL->_right = parent;parent->_parent = subL;if (parentParent == nullptr){_root = subL;subL->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parent == parentParent->_left){parentParent->_left = subL;}else{parentParent->_right = subL;}subL->_parent = parentParent;}}void Destroy(Node* root){if (root == nullptr)return;Destroy(root->_left);Destroy(root->_right);delete root;}Node* Copy(Node* root){if (root == nullptr)return nullptr;Node* newRoot = new Node(root->_kv);newRoot->_left = Copy(root->_left);newRoot->_right = Copy(root->_right);return newRoot;}private:Node* _root = nullptr;
public:int _rotateNum = 0;
};