2个doc有些相似有些不相似，如何衡量这个相似度；
直接用Jaccard距离，计算量太大
TF-IDF: TF*IDF
TF：该词在该文档中的出现次数，
IDF：该词在所有文档中的多少个文档出现是DF，lg(N/(1+DF))
MinHash
代码：
import random from typing import List, Set, Tupleclass MinHash:def __init__(self, num_hashes: int = 100):self.num_hashes = num_hashesself.hash_functions = self._generate_hash_functions()def _generate_hash_functions(self) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int]]:"""Generate hash functions of the form (a*x + b) % c."""max_prime = 2**31 - 1 # Mersenne primereturn [(random.randint(1, max_prime), random.randint(0, max_prime), max_prime)for _ in range(self.num_hashes)]def _minhash(self, document: Set[str]) -> List[int]:"""Compute MinHash signature for a document."""signature = [float('inf')] * self.num_hashesfor word in document:for i, (a, b, c) in enumerate(self.hash_functions):hash_value = (a * hash(word) + b) % csignature[i] = min(signature[i], hash_value)return signaturedef jaccard_similarity(self, sig1: List[int], sig2: List[int]) -> float:"""Estimate Jaccard similarity from MinHash signatures."""return sum(s1 == s2 for s1, s2 in zip(sig1, sig2)) / self.num_hashesdef deduplicate(self, documents: List[str], threshold: float = 0.5) -> List[str]:"""Deduplicate documents based on MinHash similarity."""# Preprocess documents into sets of wordsdoc_sets = [set(doc.lower().split()) for doc in documents]# Compute MinHash signatures for all documentssignatures = [self._minhash(doc_set) for doc_set in doc_sets]# Find unique documentsunique_docs = []for i, doc in enumerate(documents):is_duplicate = Falsefor j in range(len(unique_docs)):if self.jaccard_similarity(signatures[i], signatures[j]) >= threshold:is_duplicate = Truebreakif not is_duplicate:unique_docs.append(doc)return unique_docs100个hash函数；
在某个hash函数上，1个doc里的所有word，在该函数上的hash值，其中最小的那个，记下来；
该doc得到100个最小hash值，该100维向量，作为其signature；
2个doc的相似度，就是100个维度里的相等数目，除以100;
SimHash
MinHash和SimHash_minhash simhash-CSDN博客
海量文本去重（允许一定的噪声）；文档里权重最大的前N个词（或词组）进行Hash编码，1正0负乘以词的权重，N个词的向量按位相加，再反编码（正1负0），得到该文档的编码；两篇文档的距离用编码的海明距离，小于Bar（例如3）则认为二者相似；
import hashlib from typing import List, Tupleclass SimHash:def __init__(self, hash_bits: int = 64):self.hash_bits = hash_bitsdef _string_hash(self, text: str) -> int:"""Create a hash for a given string."""return int(hashlib.md5(text.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest(), 16)def _create_shingles(self, text: str, k: int = 2) -> List[str]:"""Create k-shingles from the text."""return [text[i:i+k] for i in range(len(text) - k + 1)]def _compute_simhash(self, features: List[str]) -> int:"""Compute the SimHash of a list of features."""v = [0] * self.hash_bitsfor feature in features:feature_hash = self._string_hash(feature)for i in range(self.hash_bits):bitmask = 1 << iif feature_hash & bitmask:v[i] += 1else:v[i] -= 1fingerprint = 0for i in range(self.hash_bits):if v[i] >= 0:fingerprint |= 1 << ireturn fingerprintdef _hamming_distance(self, hash1: int, hash2: int) -> int:"""Compute the Hamming distance between two hashes."""xor = hash1 ^ hash2return bin(xor).count('1')def compute_similarity(self, hash1: int, hash2: int) -> float:"""Compute the similarity between two SimHashes."""distance = self._hamming_distance(hash1, hash2)return 1 - (distance / self.hash_bits)def deduplicate(self, documents: List[str], threshold: float = 0.9) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:"""Deduplicate documents based on SimHash similarity."""unique_docs = []for doc in documents:shingles = self._create_shingles(doc.lower())doc_hash = self._compute_simhash(shingles)is_duplicate = Falsefor unique_doc, unique_hash in unique_docs:if self.compute_similarity(doc_hash, unique_hash) >= threshold:is_duplicate = Truebreakif not is_duplicate:unique_docs.append((doc, doc_hash))return unique_docs# Example usage if __name__ == "__main__":simhash = SimHash(hash_bits=64)documents = ["The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog","The quick brown fox jumps over the sleeping dog","The lazy dog is sleeping","A completely different document"]unique_docs = simhash.deduplicate(documents, threshold=0.7)print("Original documents:")for doc in documents:print(f"- {doc}")print("\nUnique documents:")for doc, _ in unique_docs:print(f"- {doc}")