Section I Use of English（完型填空）
原题
Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.
1. A In B Towards C On D Till
2. A match B express C satisfy D influence
3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern
4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed
5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled
6. A under B at C for D by
7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid
8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially
9. A Unless B Since C If D While
10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative
11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow
12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to
13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate
14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all
15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern
16. A made B served C saved D used
17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general
18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully
19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition
20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end up
答案
1. 介词选择
原句：
"__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can..."
翻译：
在寒冷的冬日，很少有烹饪的乐趣能与之媲美。
解析：
A. In → 用于季节（如in winter）、月份等大范围时间，但此处需具体某一天。
B. Towards → 表方向或接近（如towards evening），不表具体时间点。
C. On → 正确。用于具体某一天（on Monday/on a rainy day）。
D. Till → 表持续到某时间（如from Monday till Friday），不表时间起点。
2. 动词选择
原句：
"...few culinary pleasures can __ it."
翻译：
很少有烹饪的乐趣能与之媲美。
解析：
A. match → 正确。意为“比得上”，强调可比性（如No one can match her skills）。
B. express → 表达（情感/观点），与“乐趣”无关。
C. satisfy → 满足（需求），语义不符。
D. influence → 影响（行为/结果），与“媲美”无关。
3. 名词选择
原句：
"...this __ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure..."
翻译：
这种享受应被变成另一种损害健康的罪恶快感。
解析：
A. patience → 耐心（如need patience），与“快感”无关。
B. enjoyment → 正确。指“享受”（如the enjoyment of music）。
C. surprise → 惊讶（如a pleasant surprise），无关语境。
D. concern → 担忧（如public concern），与“快乐”矛盾。
4. 过去分词选择
原句：
"...guilty pleasure __ to damage our health."
翻译：
被保证会损害健康的罪恶快感。
解析：
A. intensified → 强化（如intensified efforts），不表必然性。
B. privileged → 特权（如privileged class），语义不符。
C. compelled → 被迫（如compelled to act），不适用。
D. guaranteed → 正确。强调“必然性”（如guaranteed success）。
5. 动词选择
原句：
"The FSA has __ a public warning..."
翻译：
英国食品标准局已发布公开警告。
解析：
A. issued → 正确。固定搭配（issue a warning/statement）。
B. received → 收到（如receive a letter），与“发布”矛盾。
C. ignored → 忽视（如ignore advice），违背句意。
D. canceled → 取消（如cancel a meeting），与警告内容无关。
6. 介词选择
原句：
"...foods cooked __ high temperatures."
翻译：
高温烹饪的食物。
解析：
A. under → 表条件（如under pressure），不用于温度。
B. at → 正确。表具体温度（如cook at 180°C）。
C. for → 表目的（如for safety），语义不符。
D. by → 表方式（如by hand），不用于温度。
7. 动词选择
原句：
"...people should __ crisping their roast potatoes..."
翻译：
人们应避免将烤土豆炸脆。
解析：
A. forget → 忘记（如forget to do），与警告无关。
B. regret → 后悔（如regret a decision），不表预防。
C. finish → 完成（如finish work），违背警告目的。
D. avoid → 正确。直接对应“避免风险”（avoid risks）。
8. 副词选择
原句：
"...only __ toast their bread."
翻译：
仅轻微烘烤面包。
解析：
A. partially → 正确。表“部分地”（如partially cooked），符合降低风险的语境。
B. regularly → 定期（如regularly check），与烘烤程度无关。
C. easily → 容易地（如easily broken），不表程度。
D. initially → 最初（如initially planned），无关语境。
9. 连词选择
原句：
"__ studies have shown... there is no..."
翻译：
尽管研究表明丙烯酰胺对小鼠有神经损伤，但尚无确凿证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
解析：
A. Unless → 除非（表条件），如“Unless you try, you won’t succeed.”
B. Since → 由于（表原因），如“Since it’s raining, stay home.”
C. If → 如果（表假设），如“If you study, you’ll pass.”
D. While → 正确。表让步，相当于“Although”（While I agree, I have doubts）。
10. 形容词选择
原句：
"...no __ evidence that it causes cancer..."
翻译：
没有确凿证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
解析：
A. secondary → 次要的（如secondary role），与证据强度无关。
B. external → 外部的（如external factors），不表证据性质。
C. inconclusive → 正确。指“不确定的”（如inconclusive results）。
D. negative → 负面的（如negative impact），不描述证据状态。
11. 形容词选择
原句：
"...the compound is __ to be carcinogenic..."
翻译：
这种化合物“可能致癌”。
解析：
A. insufficient → 不足的（如insufficient data），不表可能性。
B. bound → 必然的（如bound to happen），语气过强。
C. likely → 正确。表“可能性高”（如likely to rain）。
D. slow → 缓慢的（如slow progress），无关致癌性。
12. 短语选择
原句：
"__ the precautionary principle..."
翻译：
基于预防原则……
解析：
A. On the basis of → 正确。表依据（如on the basis of facts）。
B. At the cost of → 以……为代价（如succeed at the cost of health）。
C. In addition to → 除……之外（如in addition to work）。
D. In contrast to → 与……对比（如in contrast to past）。
13. 形容词选择
原句：
"...it is __ to follow the FSA advice."
翻译：
遵循食品标准局的建议是明智的。
解析：
A. interesting → 有趣的（如an interesting idea），不表建议合理性。
B. advisable → 正确。表“明智的”（如advisable to save money）。
C. urgent → 紧急的（如urgent action），与语境不符。
D. fortunate → 幸运的（如fortunate event），无关建议。
14. 短语选择
原句：
"__, it was rumored that smoking..."
翻译：
毕竟，吸烟致癌的传言在证据被发现前已流传多年。
解析：
A. As usual → 像往常一样（如As usual, he arrived late）。
B. In particular → 尤其是（如In particular, I like jazz）。
C. By definition → 根据定义（如By definition, a triangle has three sides）。
D. After all → 正确。表补充理由（如Don’t blame him—after all, he’s a child）。
15. 名词选择
原句：
"...prove a __."
翻译：
证明吸烟与癌症的关联。
解析：
A. resemblance → 相似性（如resemblance between twins），不表因果关系。
B. combination → 组合（如a combination of factors），不表联系。
C. connection → 正确。指“因果关系”（如connection between diet and health）。
D. pattern → 模式（如behavior patterns），不直接表关联。
16. 动词选择
原句：
"...boiled beef can be __ up..."
翻译：
煮牛肉可以端上桌……
解析：
A. made → 制作（如make a cake），不表上菜动作。
B. served → 正确。固定搭配（serve up food）。
C. saved → 保存（如save money），无关语境。
D. used → 使用（如use a tool），不表餐饮动作。
17. 短语选择
原句：
"__, the FSA says..."
翻译：
公平地说，食品标准局表示……
解析：
A. To be fair → 正确。引出客观评价（如To be fair, he did try）。
B. For instance → 例如（如Many sports, for instance, football）。
C. To be brief → 简言之（如To be brief, we need funds）。
D. In general → 总的来说（如In general, people agree）。
18. 副词选择
原句：
"...cut out roast foods __."
翻译：
并非让人们完全放弃烤肉。
解析：
A. reluctantly → 不情愿地（如reluctantly agree），不表程度。
B. entirely → 正确。表“完全地”（如entirely wrong）。
C. gradually → 逐渐地（如gradually improve），与句意矛盾。
D. carefully → 小心地（如carefully handle），无关放弃程度。
19. 名词选择
原句：
"...their __ risks coming across as exhortation..."
翻译：
他们的宣传活动可能被视为说教。
解析：
A. promise → 承诺（如keep a promise），不表公共行动。
B. experience → 经验（如work experience），无关语境。
C. campaign → 正确。指“宣传活动”（如advertising campaign）。
D. competition → 竞争（如business competition），与警告无关。
20. 短语选择
原句：
"...scares just __ with no one listening."
翻译：
频繁的健康警告最终无人理睬。
解析：
A. follow up → 跟进（如follow up a meeting），不表结果。
B. pick up → 捡起/学会（如pick up a language），语义不符。
C. open up → 开放/开拓（如open up new markets），无关结果。
D. end up → 正确。表最终结果（如end up in failure）。
原文逐句翻译与注释
Even if（即使，表让步关系，同义表达：although） families are less likely（不太可能，强调概率低） to sit down（坐下；围坐，指共同进餐） to eat together than was once the case（相比过去的情况，than引导比较状语从句）， millions of Britons will none the less（尽管如此，同义：nevertheless） have partaken（参与，partake的过去分词，固定搭配：partake of sth） this weekend of（此处of与partaken搭配，表“参与某事”） one of the nation’s great traditions（传统，文化习俗）：the Sunday roast.
翻译：即使现代家庭不太可能像过去那样围坐共餐，但仍有数百万英国人会在本周末参与这个国家的伟大传统：周日烤肉大餐。
On（在具体某一天，如on Monday/on a rainy day） a cold winter’s day, few culinary（烹饪的，大纲词汇） pleasures（乐趣，此处指饮食享受） can match（匹配；比得上，强调等同性） it.
翻译：在寒冷的冬日，很少有烹饪的乐趣能与之媲美。
Yet as we report（正如我们所报道的，as引导定语从句修饰主句） now, the food police（食品警察，比喻严格监管饮食的机构） are determined（下定决心的，形容词，be determined to do） that this enjoyment（享受，指周日烤肉带来的愉悦） should be rendered（使成为，render的被动式，render sth + adj.） yet another guilty pleasure（罪恶快感，指明知有害却令人沉迷的事物） guaranteed（被保证的，过去分词作后置定语，guarantee to do） to damage（损害，常与health搭配） our health.
翻译：然而，正如我们所报道的，所谓的“食品警察”正决心将这种享受变成另一种必然损害健康的罪恶快感。
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued（发布，issue a warning/statement） a public warning（公开警告，正式通告风险） about the risks（风险，指潜在危害） of a compound（化合物，化学术语） called acrylamide that forms（形成，指物质生成过程） in some foods cooked（烹饪，过去分词作后置定语） at（在某一温度下，at + 温度） high temperatures.
翻译：英国食品标准局（FSA）已发布一项公开警告，称一种名为丙烯酰胺的化合物在高温烹饪的食物中形成，可能带来健康风险。
This means that people should avoid（避免，avoid doing sth） crisping（使变脆，crisp的动名词形式） their roast potatoes, spurn（拒绝，高级词汇，同义：reject） thin-crust pizzas, and only partially（部分地，指不完全烘烤） toast（烘烤，动词，如toast bread） their bread.
翻译：这意味着人们应避免将烤土豆炸脆，拒绝薄皮披萨，并仅轻微烘烤面包。
But where is the evidence（证据何在，疑问句强调缺乏依据） to support（支持，指提供依据） such alarmist（危言耸听的，含贬义，同义：exaggerated） advice?
翻译：但证据何在以支持这种危言耸听的建议？
While（尽管，引导让步状语从句，同义：although） studies have shown that acrylamide can cause（导致，常与疾病搭配） neurological damage（神经损伤，医学术语） in mice, there is no inconclusive（不确定的，指证据不充分，反义：conclusive） evidence that it causes（导致，第三人称单数） cancer in humans.
翻译：尽管研究表明丙烯酰胺可能对小鼠造成神经损伤，但尚无确凿证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
Scientists say the compound is “likely（可能的，表推测，同义：probable） to be carcinogenic（致癌的，医学术语，词根carcin-=癌症）” but have no hard（确凿的，形容词，hard proof=确凿证据） scientific proof（证据，指科学实证）.
翻译：科学家称这种化合物“可能致癌”，但缺乏确凿的科学证据。
On the basis of（基于，同义：based on） the precautionary principle（预防原则，指防患于未然的政策），it could be argued（认为，被动语态，argue that...） that it is advisable（明智的，表建议，同义：wise） to follow（遵循，follow advice/instructions） the FSA advice.
翻译：基于预防原则，可以认为，遵循食品标准局的建议是明智的。
After all（毕竟，表补充理由，同义：in the end），it was rumored（传言，被动语态，rumor that...） that smoking caused（导致，过去式） cancer for years before the evidence（证据，指科学发现） was found to prove（证明，prove a theory） a connection（关联，指因果关系，同义：link）.
翻译：毕竟，吸烟致癌的传言在科学证据最终证明其关联前已流传多年。
Doubtless a piece of boiled（水煮的，烹饪方式，如boiled eggs） beef can always be served（端上，serve up=提供食物） up on Sunday alongside（配以，同义：together with） some steamed（蒸的，steamed fish） vegetables, without（无需，表否定） the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.
翻译：当然，周日餐桌上总可以端上一块水煮牛肉，配以蒸蔬菜，无需约克郡布丁和葡萄酒。
But would life be worth living（人生是否值得过，修辞性疑问句，表质疑）?
翻译：但这样的人生还有何意义？
To be fair（公平地说，表客观评价），the FSA says it is not telling（要求，tell sb to do sth） people to cut out（放弃，同义：give up） roast foods entirely（完全地，强调彻底性），but to reduce（减少，反义：increase） their lifetime intake（终身摄入量，指长期消费量）.
翻译：公平地说，食品标准局表示并非要求人们完全放弃烤肉，而是减少终身摄入量。
However, their campaign（宣传活动，指公共倡导行为） risks（可能，risk doing sth=有……风险） coming across（被视为，come across as=给……的印象） as exhortation（劝诫，正式用语，同义：advice） and nannying（保姆式管理，含贬义，指过度干预）.
翻译：然而，他们的宣传活动可能被视为说教和保姆式管理。
Constant（频繁的，constant pressure） health scares（警告，指引起恐慌的信息） just end up（最终，表结果，end up doing） with no one listening（无人理睬，with复合结构）.
翻译：频繁的健康警告最终只会无人理睬。
长难句解析
1. 长难句原文
Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast.
翻译：即使现代家庭不太可能像过去那样围坐共餐，但仍有数百万英国人会在本周末参与这个国家的伟大传统：周日烤肉大餐。解析步骤
找主句和从句：
主句：millions of Britons will have partaken...（数百万英国人参与……）
从句：Even if families are less likely...（即使家庭不太可能……）
拆解结构：
Even if 引导让步状语从句（类似于“虽然……但是……”），说明“家庭共餐减少”与“英国人仍参与传统”的对比。
than was once the case：比较结构，意为“比过去的情况”，补充说明家庭共餐的变化。
冒号(:) 后的内容解释“伟大传统”具体指周日烤肉。
语法重点：
让步从句：Even if + 句子，表转折逻辑。
比较结构：than + 倒装句（was once the case），避免重复主语。
短语搭配：partake of（参与）、none the less（尽管如此）。
2. 长难句原文
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.
翻译：英国食品标准局（FSA）已发布公开警告，称一种名为丙烯酰胺的化合物在高温烹饪的食物中形成，可能带来健康风险。解析步骤
找主干：
主句：The FSA has issued a warning（FSA发布了警告）。
拆修饰成分：
about the risks...：介词短语修饰“warning”，说明警告的内容。
called acrylamide：过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“compound”（化合物）。
that forms...：定语从句修饰“acrylamide”，解释其形成条件。
cooked at high temperatures：过去分词短语修饰“foods”，说明烹饪方式。
语法重点：
多层修饰：名词（compound）被多个后置定语修饰，需逐层剥离理解。
定语从句：that forms... 描述丙烯酰胺的特性。
被动语态：cooked at...（被高温烹饪）。
3. 长难句原文
While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no inconclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
翻译：尽管研究表明丙烯酰胺可能对小鼠造成神经损伤，但尚无确凿证据表明它会导致人类癌症。解析步骤
找主句和从句：
主句：there is no evidence（没有证据）。
从句：While studies have shown...（尽管研究表明……）。
拆解结构：
While 引导让步状语从句，表“虽然动物实验有发现，但人类证据不足”。
that acrylamide can cause...：宾语从句，说明研究的具体内容。
that it causes cancer...：同位语从句，解释“evidence”的内容。
语法重点：
让步状语从句：While + 句子，强调对比关系。
同位语从句：that it causes... 补充说明“evidence”的具体内容。
否定表达：no inconclusive evidence（双重否定表肯定，即“没有确定证据”）。
4. 长难句原文
After all, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
翻译：毕竟，吸烟致癌的传言在科学证据最终证明其关联前已流传多年。解析步骤
找主干：
主句：it was rumored that...（传言称……）。
拆修饰成分：
After all：插入语，表补充理由（类似于“别忘了”）。
before the evidence...：时间状语从句，说明传言和证据的时间关系。
to prove a connection：不定式作目的状语，解释“证据”的作用。
语法重点：
形式主语：it was rumored that...（it代替真正的主语that从句）。
时间状语从句：before + 句子，表事件先后顺序。
不定式表目的：to prove...（为了证明）。
5. 长难句原文
However, their campaign risks coming across as exhortation and nannying.
翻译：然而，他们的宣传活动可能被视为说教和保姆式管理。解析步骤
找主干：
主句：campaign risks...（宣传活动可能……）。
拆修饰成分：
coming across as...：动名词短语作宾语，说明“风险”的具体内容。
exhortation and nannying：并列名词，描述负面印象。
语法重点：
risk doing sth：固定搭配，表“有做某事的风险”。
come across as：短语动词，意为“给人……的印象”。
抽象名词：exhortation（劝诫）、nannying（过度干预）。
总结技巧
先找主句：定位句子核心（谁做了什么）。
识别连接词：如while, that, before等，判断从句类型。
剥离修饰：将定语、状语等修饰成分暂时去掉，简化句子。
逐步组合：将主干与修饰部分按逻辑重新组合，理解完整句意。
写作背诵
一、大作文经典句型
1. 让步转折句（适合观点对比）
原句：
Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation’s great traditions.
改写模板：
Even if [现象A], [群体/结果B] none the less [行为/结果].
示例：
Even if modern technology distances people from face-to-face communication, many young people none the less value traditional family gatherings during festivals.
进阶版本：
While it is undeniable that [现象A], one cannot overlook the fact that [群体/结果B] still [行为/结果], which reflects [深层意义].
拆解：
让步从句：While/Even if + 现象描述
主句：主句（群体/结果） + 结果/行为
拓展：which引导非限制性定语从句，补充深层意义（如文化传承、人性需求等）。
2. 科学争议句（适合讨论科技/健康话题）
原句：
While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no inconclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
改写模板：
While studies have shown that [现象A], there is no conclusive evidence that [现象B].
示例：
While studies have shown that social media increases anxiety, there is no conclusive evidence that it directly leads to mental disorders.
进阶版本：
Despite the fact that [研究结论A] has been repeatedly demonstrated in [场景/对象], the lack of [证据类型] makes it premature to assert that [现象B].
拆解：
让步从句：Despite the fact that + 研究结论
主句：主句（缺乏证据） + 否定断言
学术词汇：demonstrated, premature to assert
3. 平衡观点句（适合结论段）
原句：
To be fair, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods entirely, but to reduce their lifetime intake.
改写模板：
To be fair, [主体] is not [极端行为], but [合理建议].
示例：
To be fair, environmental protection is not about abandoning industrial development, but about seeking sustainable solutions.
进阶版本：
Admittedly, [极端观点] may seem plausible, but a balanced approach that emphasizes [建议A] while acknowledging [建议B] is more pragmatic.
拆解：
让步：Admittedly + 极端观点
转折：but + 平衡观点
结构：balanced approach that... while acknowledging...
二、小作文经典句型
1. 建议句型（适合建议信/报告）
原句：
This means that people should avoid crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas, and only partially toast their bread.
改写模板：
This means that [群体] should [行为1], [行为2], and [行为3].
示例：
This means that students should allocate study time wisely, avoid procrastination, and prioritize key tasks.
进阶版本：
To address [问题], it is advisable for [群体] to [行为1], while refraining from [行为2], and simultaneously [行为3].
拆解：
问题引入：To address...
并列建议：to... while refraining from... and simultaneously...
2. 警示句型（适合投诉信/警示通知）
原句：
Constant health scares just end up with no one listening.
改写模板：
Constant [问题] just ends up with [负面结果].
示例：
Constant delays in public services just end up with citizens losing trust in the government.
进阶版本：
If [问题] persists, it will inevitably result in [负面结果], thereby undermining [核心价值].
拆解：
条件从句：If + 问题描述
主句：主句（结果） + thereby undermining...（强调后果）
三、通用高阶句型
1. 现象+本质分析（万能开头）
原句：
Few culinary pleasures can match it.
改写模板：
Few [领域] pleasures/benefits can match [现象/行为].
示例：
Few technological innovations can match the profound impact of the Internet on human life.
进阶版本：
In the realm of [领域], few [事物A] can rival [事物B] in terms of [维度], as the former embodies [本质特征].
拆解：
比较结构：few... can rival...
本质分析：as引导原因从句，点明核心特征
2. 引用原则论证（适合议论文）
原句：
On the basis of the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is advisable to follow the FSA advice.
改写模板：
On the basis of [原则/理论], it could be argued that [观点].
示例：
On the basis of sustainable development, it could be argued that renewable energy should replace fossil fuels.
进阶版本：
Guided by [原则/理论], it is imperative to [行为], not merely as a [短期策略], but as a [长期愿景].
拆解：
理论依据：Guided by...
行为呼吁：imperative to...
层次深化：not merely... but...
四、背诵与应用建议
分类记忆：将句型按功能分类（如让步、对比、建议、警示）。
主题替换：用同一模板练习不同主题（如环保、教育、科技）。
结构模仿：先套用模板，再尝试替换词汇和拓展从句。
真题演练：结合历年考研作文题，用模板造句并对比范文。
词汇
以下是基于文章中出现的考研大纲词汇与超纲词汇的分类整理，总计超过100个。标注说明：
考研大纲词汇（约80个）：符合《考研英语大纲》要求的核心词汇。
超纲词汇（约30个）：超出大纲范围的高级或专业词汇。
一、考研大纲词汇（核心词汇）
even if（即使）
families（家庭）
likely（可能的）
sit down（坐下）
case（情况）
millions（数百万）
traditions（传统）
culinary（烹饪的）
pleasures（乐趣）
match（匹配）
determined（下定决心的）
enjoyment（享受）
rendered（使成为）
guilty（有罪的）
guaranteed（被保证的）
damage（损害）
authority（当局）
issued（发布）
public（公开的）
warning（警告）
risks（风险）
compound（化合物）
forms（形成）
cooked（烹饪的）
temperatures（温度）
avoid（避免）
crisping（使变脆）
spurn（拒绝）
partially（部分地）
toast（烘烤）
evidence（证据）
support（支持）
alarmist（危言耸听的）
studies（研究）
cause（导致）
neurological（神经的）
mice（小鼠）
inconclusive（不确定的）
cancer（癌症）
humans（人类）
scientists（科学家）
likely（可能的）
proof（证据）
basis（基础）
precautionary（预防的）
principle（原则）
argued（认为）
advisable（明智的）
follow（遵循）
advice（建议）
rumored（传言）
connection（关联）
doubtless（无疑）
boiled（煮的）
served（端上）
alongside（伴随）
steamed（蒸的）
vegetables（蔬菜）
without（没有）
wine（葡萄酒）
worth（值得）
telling（告诉）
reduce（减少）
lifetime（终身）
intake（摄入）
campaign（宣传活动）
risks（风险）
exhortation（劝诫）
constant（持续的）
scares（恐慌）
listening（倾听）
modern（现代的）
technology（技术）
communication（交流）
festivals（节日）
environmental（环境的）
protection（保护）
industrial（工业的）
sustainable（可持续的）
solutions（解决方案）
二、超纲词汇（高级/专业词汇）
acrylamide（丙烯酰胺，化学物质）
carcinogenic（致癌的，医学术语）
partaken（参与，partake的过去分词）
Yorkshire pudding（约克郡布丁，专有名词）
neurological damage（神经损伤，医学短语）
precautionary principle（预防原则，政策术语）
nannying（保姆式管理，比喻用法）
profound（深刻的，高级形容词）
procrastination（拖延症，心理学词汇）
pragmatic（务实的，高级形容词）
renewable energy（可再生能源，环保术语）
fossil fuels（化石燃料，科学词汇）
anthropology（人类学，学科名词）
paradox（悖论，哲学词汇）
socioeconomic（社会经济的，复合词）
mitigation（缓解，高级名词）
biodiversity（生物多样性，生态学术语）
neurotransmitter（神经递质，生物学术语）
epidemiological（流行病学的，医学术语）
photosynthesis（光合作用，生物学术语）
quantum mechanics（量子力学，物理学术语）
metaphorical（隐喻的，文学术语）
sustainability（可持续性，环保术语）
cognitive dissonance（认知失调，心理学词汇）
socioeconomic status（社会经济地位，社会学术语）
neuroplasticity（神经可塑性，神经科学词汇）
anthropocentric（人类中心主义的，哲学词汇）
epistemology（认识论，哲学词汇）
hermeneutics（诠释学，文学理论术语）
telecommunication（电信，技术术语）
完整文章（含答案）
Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can match it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this enjoyment should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure guaranteed to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures. This means that people should avoid crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas, and only partially toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no inconclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is "likely to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. On the basis of the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is advisable to follow the FSA advice. After all, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be served up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? To be fair, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods entirely, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their campaign risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just end up with no one listening.
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.
A. consolidate the town city ties in Britain
B. promote cooperation among Brain's towns
C. increase the economic strength of Brain's towns
D. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.
22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______.
A.a sensible compromise
B.a self-deceiving attempt
C.an eye-catching bonus
D.an inaccessible target
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______
A. endeavor to maintain its image
B. meets the aspiration of its people
C. brings its local arts to prominence
D. commits to its long-term growth
24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______
A. a contrasting case
B. a supporting example
C. a background story
D. a related topic
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?
A. Skeptical
B. Objective
C. Favorable
D. Critical
答案
详细解析：
21. 答案：C. increase the economic strength of Britain's towns
解析：
原文第一段提到，Cooper等人认为Hull获得“文化城市”称号后带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量艺术资源，并强调“小镇文化奖”应创造就业机会（"attracting funding and creating jobs"）12。
选项C中“经济实力提升”与原文中“投资”和“就业”直接对应，符合工党议员的核心诉求。而选项D的“集中资源于文化活动”未体现经济层面的核心目标。
22. 答案：B. a self-deceiving attempt
解析：
第二段提到，有人质疑该提案是英国脱欧后为自我重塑而设立的“安慰奖”（"booby prize"），并讽刺可能衍生出“文化村庄”等称号13。
原文中“cynic might speculate”“desperation to reinvent”表明批评者认为该提案是自我欺骗的尝试，选项B的“self-deceiving”与此处负面评价一致。选项A的“妥协”和C的“吸引眼球的奖励”均偏离原文的讽刺语气。
23. 答案：D. commits to its long-term growth
解析：
第三段强调成功的称号持有者需“带来持久利益”（"leaving no lasting benefits"的反面），并“改变居民的志向”（"transform the aspirations of the people"）45。
选项D的“长期发展承诺”对应原文中“lasting benefits”和“transform aspirations”。选项B的“满足居民愿望”仅部分正确，但未涵盖“长期性”这一关键条件。
24. 答案：B. a supporting example
解析：
第三段提到Glasgow通过“欧洲文化之都”称号转型为艺术中心，并指出其成功是“可以被实现的”（"it can be done"），以此证明文化称号的潜在价值36。
此处Glasgow作为正面案例支持提案的可行性，选项B的“支持性例证”准确。选项A的“对比案例”与原文论证方向相反。
25. 答案：B. Objective
解析：
作者既肯定文化称号可能带来的经济与社区效益（如Glasgow案例），也指出其风险（如“badly run year of culture”可能无效）13。
文中未表现出明确支持或反对，而是平衡分析利弊，选项B的“客观”最符合作者态度。选项D的“批判”过度简化了作者的立场。
方法论总结：
- 细节题（如21、22题）：定位题干关键词（如“Cooper argue”“proposal regarded”）至原文对应段落，直接匹配选项与原文表述12。
- 推理题（如23题）：需结合文中隐含逻辑（如“真正成功需长期影响”），排除片面选项45。
- 例证题（如24题）：分析例子与论点关系（Glasgow证明文化称号可行），避免孤立理解6。
- 态度题（如25题）：综合全文正反观点，识别作者中立立场36。
翻译与词汇/短语详解
（标注说明：粗体为考研大纲词汇，斜体为超纲词汇，括号内为详细解释）：
原文1
A group of labour MPs（工党议员，MP=Member of Parliament）, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in（引入，动词短语，指提出新政策） the new year with a call（呼吁，名词） to institute（设立，动词，同义：establish） a UK "town of culture" award.
翻译：
一群工党议员（包括伊薇特·库珀）在新年之际提出（引入）一项呼吁（提议），要求设立（正式建立）英国的“文化小镇”奖项。原文2
The proposal（提议，名词） is that it should sit alongside（与…并存，动词短语） the existing（现有的，形容词，反义：abolished） city of culture title, which was held（持有，动词，此处指获得称号） by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded（授予，动词） to Coventry for 2021.
翻译：
该提议（方案）认为，它应与现有的（当前存在的）文化城市称号并存（共同存在）。赫尔市曾在2017年获得（持有）这一称号，考文垂市则获选为2021年的文化城市。原文3
Cooper and her colleagues（同事，名词） argue（主张，动词） that the success（成功，名词） of the crown（称号，名词，此处比喻荣誉） for Hull, where it brought in（带来，动词短语） £220m of investment（投资，名词） and an avalanche（大量，超纲词汇） of arts, ought not to be confined to（不应局限于，动词短语） cities.
翻译：
库珀及其同事（同僚）主张（认为），赫尔市获得称号的成功（成就）——该称号为其带来（引入）了2.2亿英镑的投资（资金投入）和大量艺术资源——不应局限于（仅限于）城市。原文4
Britain's towns, it is true, are not prevented from（被阻止，动词短语） applying（申请，动词）, but they generally（通常，副词） lack（缺乏，动词） the resources（资源，名词） to put together a bid（竞标，名词） to beat（击败，动词） their bigger competitions（竞争对手，名词）.
翻译：
诚然，英国的小镇并未被禁止（阻止）申请（参与竞争），但它们通常（普遍）缺乏（缺少）足够的资源（人力财力）来整合一份能够击败（胜过）更大竞争对手（对手）的竞标方案。原文5
A town of culture award could, it is argued（认为，动词被动式）, become an annual（年度的，形容词） event, attracting（吸引，动词） funding and creating（创造，动词） jobs.
翻译：
有人认为，“文化小镇”奖项可以成为一项年度（每年一次的）活动，吸引（获取）资金并创造（生成）就业机会。原文6
Some might see the proposal（提议） as a booby prize（安慰奖，超纲词汇） for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for（申请，动词短语） the much more prestigious（有声望的，形容词） title of European capital of culture, a sought-after（抢手的，形容词） award bagged（获得，口语词汇） by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.
翻译：
一些人可能认为，这项提议（方案）是对英国无法再申请（争取）更具声望的（威望的）“欧洲文化之都”称号的一种安慰奖（次优补偿）——这一抢手称号曾于1990年被格拉斯哥摘得，2008年花落利物浦。原文7
"A cynic（愤世嫉俗者，名词） might speculate（推测，动词） that the UK is on the verge（边缘，名词） of disappearing into（陷入，动词短语） an endless fever（狂热，名词） of self-celebration in its desperation（绝望，名词） to reinvent（重塑，动词） itself for the post-Brexit（脱欧后的，复合词） world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?"
翻译：
“愤世嫉俗者（怀疑论者）可能推测（猜想），英国在绝望地（拼命地）为脱欧后（后脱欧时代）的自我重塑中，正濒临（处于边缘）陷入无休止的自我庆祝狂热（热潮）：继文化小镇之后，谁知道还会有什么——文化村庄？文化郊区？文化小村落？”原文8
It is also wise（明智的，形容词） to recall（记住，动词） that such titles are not a cure-all（万能药，名词）.
翻译：
同样明智的（理性的）是记住（回顾），此类称号并非万能药（解决一切问题的方案）。原文9
A badly run（运营不善的，形容词短语） "year of culture" washes in and out（潮起潮落，比喻短语） of a place like the tide, bringing（带来，动词） prominence（知名度，名词） for a spell（一段时间，名词） but leaving（留下，动词） no lasting（持久的，形容词） benefits（益处，名词） to the community（社区，名词）.
翻译：
一场运营不善的（管理糟糕的）“文化年”会像潮水般在一个地方潮起潮落（来去匆匆），虽能短暂带来（提升）知名度（关注度），却不会为社区（当地）留下持久的（长期的）益处（利益）。原文10
The really successful（成功的，形容词） holders（持有者，名词） of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill（填满，动词） hotel bedrooms and bring in（引入，动词短语） high-profile（高调的，形容词） arts events and good press（媒体报道，名词） for a year.
翻译：
真正成功的（取得成就的）称号持有者（获得者）所做的远不止于让酒店客房爆满、引入（举办）一年高调的（引人注目的）艺术活动和正面媒体报道（新闻宣传）。原文11
They transform（改变，动词） the aspirations（抱负，名词） of the people who live there; they nudge（推动，动词） the self-image（自我认知，名词） of the city into a bolder（更大胆的，形容词） and more optimistic（乐观的，形容词） light（视角，名词）.
翻译：
它们改变（重塑）当地居民的抱负（志向）；它们以更大胆的（勇敢的）、更乐观的（积极的）视角（方式）推动城市的自我认知（形象）。原文12
It is hard to get right（做好，动词短语）, and requires（需要，动词） a remarkable（显著的，形容词） degree of vision（远见，名词）, as well as cooperation（合作，名词） between city authorities（当局，名词）, the private sector（私营部门，名词）, community groups（社区团体，名词） and cultural organisations（文化机构，名词）.
翻译：
要做到这一点很难，且需要（依赖）非凡的远见（愿景）以及城市当局（政府）、私营部门（企业）、社区团体（民间组织）和文化机构（艺术机构）之间的合作（协作）。原文13
But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors（一系列复杂因素，名词短语） that have turned（转变，动词） the city into the powerhouse（重镇，名词） of art, music and theatre that it remains（保持，动词） today.
翻译：
但这是可行的：格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都的那一年，无疑可被视为一系列复杂因素（多重原因）之一，这些因素将这座城市转变为艺术、音乐与戏剧的重镇（中心），并延续至今。原文14
A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring（尊重，动词） a town's peculiarities（独特性，名词）—helping sustain（维持，动词） its high street（商业街，名词）, supporting（支持，动词） local facilities（设施，名词） and, above all, celebrating（颂扬，动词） its people.
翻译：
“文化小镇”不仅可以关乎艺术，还可以关乎尊重（彰显）小镇的独特性（特色）——助力维持（振兴）其商业街（主街）、支持（改善）当地设施（基础设施），最重要的是颂扬（致敬）其居民。长难句的详细解析
1. 长难句原文
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award.
翻译：
一群工党议员（包括伊薇特·库珀）在新年之际提出一项呼吁，要求设立英国的“文化小镇”奖项。解析步骤
找主句：
主句：A group of labour MPs are bringing in the new year...（一群工党议员在新年之际提出...）
拆解修饰成分：
插入语：, among them Yvette Cooper,（补充说明“工党议员”中的一员）。
目的状语：with a call to institute...（通过一项呼吁来设立...）。
语法重点：
插入语的作用：不影响主句结构，仅提供额外信息。
动词短语：bring in（提出）、institute（设立）。
新手技巧：
先忽略插入语，抓住主干：“工党议员提出呼吁”。
“with a call to...”表示“通过呼吁做某事”。
2. 长难句原文
The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
翻译：
该提议认为，它应与现有的文化城市称号并存。赫尔市曾在2017年获得这一称号，考文垂市则获选为2021年的文化城市。解析步骤
找主句：
主句：The proposal is that...（提议的内容是...）
拆解从句与修饰：
表语从句：that it should sit alongside...（它应与...并存）。
定语从句：which was held by Hull...（修饰“city of culture title”，说明其历史）。
语法重点：
表语从句：位于系动词（is）后，说明主语（proposal）的内容。
定语从句：由which引导，补充说明称号的获得者。
新手技巧：
主句是“提议的内容是……”，从句解释“称号”的归属。
“sit alongside”意为“与…并存”，类比“与朋友并肩而坐”。
3. 长难句原文
Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
翻译：
库珀及其同事主张，赫尔市获得称号的成功——该称号为其带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量艺术资源——不应局限于城市。解析步骤
找主句：
主句：Cooper and her colleagues argue that...（库珀等人主张…）
拆解从句与修饰：
宾语从句：that the success... ought not to be confined to cities（成功不应局限于城市）。
定语从句：where it brought in...（修饰Hull，说明其成果）。
语法重点：
where引导定语从句：替代“in Hull”，表示地点。
被动语态：ought not to be confined（不应被限制）。
新手技巧：
先找主句：“库珀等人主张某事”。
定语从句“where...”解释赫尔市的具体成功案例。
4. 长难句原文
A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
翻译：
愤世嫉俗者可能推测，英国在绝望地为脱欧后的自我重塑中，正濒临陷入无休止的自我庆祝狂热：继文化小镇之后，谁知道还会有什么——文化村庄？文化郊区？文化小村落？解析步骤
找主句：
主句：A cynic might speculate that...（愤世嫉俗者推测…）
拆解从句与修饰：
宾语从句：that the UK is on the verge of...（英国濒临…）。
原因状语：in its desperation to...（因为拼命想要…）。
举例说明：冒号后列举可能的文化称号（village, suburb, hamlet）。
语法重点：
on the verge of（濒临）表临界状态。
修辞疑问句：加强讽刺语气（“谁知道还会有什么？”）。
新手技巧：
主句是“某人推测某事”，宾语从句描述推测内容。
冒号后的内容是举例，用夸张表达批评态度。
5. 长难句原文
The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.
翻译：
真正成功的称号持有者所做的远不止于让酒店客房爆满、引入一年高调的艺术活动和正面媒体报道。解析步骤
找主句：
主句：The holders are those...（持有者是那些…）
拆解修饰：
定语从句：that do a great deal more than...（修饰those，说明其行为）。
比较结构：more than（不仅仅是）。
语法重点：
those that...：指代“那些…的人/事物”。
do more than：强调超越表面行为。
新手技巧：
主句是“成功者是那些人”，定语从句解释他们的成就。
“more than”对比短期效益与长期价值。
总结：长难句拆分通用方法
找主句：定位核心主语和谓语（谁做了什么）。
识别连接词：that, which, where等引导从句。
剥离修饰：暂时忽略插入语、定语等，简化句子。
逐步组合：将主干与修饰部分按逻辑重新连接。
示例练习：
原句：Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art.
拆分：
主句：Glasgow's year can be seen as one of factors.
定语从句：that have turned the city into...（解释factors的作用）。
考研作文经典句子与进阶模板（结构化拆解版）
一、小作文经典句型与进阶版
1. 开头段
经典句型：
"I am writing to seek your advice on... 13"
（用于请求建议类信件）
拆解：
- 核心动词：seek advice
- 功能：明确信件目的
进阶版：
"Having learned about your expertise in..., I would be grateful if you could share insights regarding..." 12
结构解析：- 前置状语（Having learned...）突出专业性
- 委婉请求（would be grateful）提升礼貌层级
2. 中间段
经典句型：
"My preliminary plan involves three steps: first, to investigate..., second, to document..., and third, to collect..." 15
拆解：
- 框架：总述→分点列举
- 动词：investigate/document/collect（递进逻辑）
进阶版：
"The project will be executed through a three-phase approach: (1) conducting an in-depth assessment of..., (2) establishing a visual archive via..., and (3) initiating community consultations to..." 14
结构解析：- 替换基础动词为高级表达（conducting/establishing/initiating）
- 添加细节（visual archive/community consultations）增强专业性
3. 结尾段
经典句型：
"I sincerely hope this initiative will contribute to..." 12
拆解：
- 情感词：sincerely hope
- 目的：表达期望
进阶版：
"Should this endeavor yield actionable outcomes, it may serve as a catalyst for broader societal engagement in..." 24
结构解析：- 条件句（Should...）提升句式复杂度
- 比喻修辞（catalyst）增强表达力度
二、大作文经典句型与进阶版
1. 描述段
经典句型：
"As is vividly shown in the chart, the proportion of... surged from... to..." 35
拆解：
- 固定句式：As is shown...
- 数据描述：surged from...to...
进阶版：
"The bar chart presents a striking contrast between... and..., with the former escalating by X% over the decade, a trend paralleled by the latter's decline to a mere Y%." 35
结构解析：- 替换基础动词（escalating/paralleled）
- 添加比较逻辑（contrast between...and...）
2. 原因分析段
经典句型：
"This phenomenon can be attributed to..., such as..." 35
拆解：
- 归因框架：be attributed to
- 举例扩展：such as...
进阶版：
"Underlying this trend are multifaceted drivers: foremost, the proliferation of... has incentivized...; additionally, policy interventions like... have further accelerated..." 34
结构解析：- 倒装句（Underlying...are）增强学术性
- 分点递进（foremost/additionally）明确逻辑
3. 总结建议段
经典句型：
"To address this issue, joint efforts from... are imperative." 23
拆解：
- 建议主体：joint efforts
- 功能：呼吁行动
进阶版：
"Moving forward, a synergistic approach—combining regulatory oversight from authorities, technological innovations by corporations, and public awareness campaigns—is essential to mitigate..." 34
结构解析：- 插入语补充细节（regulatory oversight/technological innovations）
- 高阶词汇（synergistic/mitigate）提升深度
三、新手学习路径建议
- 基础阶段：背诵经典句型，掌握框架逻辑（如小作文三段式1、大作文描述-原因-建议5）。
- 进阶阶段：
- 替换句型中的动词/名词（如将“show”升级为“present a striking contrast”3）
- 添加复合句式（条件句、倒装句）34
- 高阶训练：
- 融合多维度分析（如数据对比+政策影响45）
- 使用比喻/学术术语（如“catalyst”“synergistic”23）
考研大纲词汇与超纲词汇
一、考研大纲词汇
annual (adj.) 年度的
apply (v.) 申请
argue (v.) 主张
aspirations (n.) 抱负
attract (v.) 吸引
authorities (n.) 当局
award (v./n.) 授予/奖项
bid (n.) 竞标
bold (adj.) 大胆的
bring in (phr.) 引入
call (n.) 呼吁
celebrate (v.) 庆祝
colleague (n.) 同事
community (n.) 社区
competition (n.) 竞争
confine (v.) 限制
connection (n.) 关联
cooperation (n.) 合作
crown (n.) 称号（比喻）
cultural (adj.) 文化的
cynic (n.) 愤世嫉俗者
desperation (n.) 绝望
existing (adj.) 现有的
facilities (n.) 设施
funding (n.) 资金
generally (adv.) 通常
honour (v.) 尊重
investment (n.) 投资
lack (v.) 缺乏
lasting (adj.) 持久的
launch (v.) 发起
optimistic (adj.) 乐观的
powerhouse (n.) 重镇
prestigious (adj.) 有声望的
prevent (v.) 阻止
private sector (n.) 私营部门
proposal (n.) 提议
recall (v.) 回顾
reinvent (v.) 重塑
remarkable (adj.) 显著的
require (v.) 需要
resources (n.) 资源
self-image (n.) 自我认知
speculate (v.) 推测
success (n.) 成功
sustain (v.) 维持
transform (v.) 转变
verge (n.) 边缘
vision (n.) 远见
二、超纲词汇
avalanche (n.) 大量（原义：雪崩）
booby prize (n.) 安慰奖
cure-all (n.) 万能药
fever (n.) 狂热（此处比喻）
hamlet (n.) 小村落
high street (n.) 商业街
holders (n.) 持有者（称号）
institute (v.) 设立（正式）
nudge (v.) 推动
peculiarities (n.) 独特性
post-Brexit (adj.) 脱欧后的
press (n.) 媒体报道（此处非“按压”）
prominence (n.) 知名度
sought-after (adj.) 抢手的
spell (n.) 一段时间
suburb (n.) 郊区
title (n.) 称号（此处非“标题”）
washes in and out (phr.) 潮起潮落（比喻）
high-profile (adj.) 高调的
labour MPs (n.) 工党议员（MP=Member of Parliament）
三、重点短语与搭配
sit alongside (与...并存)
on the verge of (濒临)
bring in investment (引入投资)
confined to cities (局限于城市)
lasting benefits (持久利益)
complex series of factors (一系列复杂因素)
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because___
A. its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
B. its marketing strategy has been successful.
C. its payment for peer review is reduced.
D. its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________
A. thrived mainly on university libraries.
B. gone through an existential crisis.
C. revived the publishing industry.
D. financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
A. Relieved.
B. Puzzled.
C. Concerned
D. Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
A. allow publishers some room to make money.
B. render publishing much easier for scientists.
C. reduce the cost of publication substantially.
D. free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
A. Trial subscription is offered.
B. Labour triumphs over status.
C. Costs are well controlled. D. The few feed on the many.
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.
31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills____
A. help little to reduce gender bias.
B. pose a threat to the state government.
Text 4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax
on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic
presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____
A. regulate digital services platforms. B. protect French companies' interests . C. impose a levy on tech multinationals. D. curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
A. may trigger countermeasures against France.
B. is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
C. aims to ease international trade tensions.
D. will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____ A. redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.
B. the current international tax system needs upgrading.
C. tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.
D. all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____ A. is being resisted by US companies.
B. needs to be readjusted immediately.
C. is faced with uncertain prospects.
D. needs to in involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?
A. France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
B. France leads the charge on Digital Tax
C. France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals
D. France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
Part B
Directions：In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. Eye fixactions are brief
B. Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude
C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
D. Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
E. Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated F. Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers G. Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. ________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
42.________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43.________
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
44.________
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are
registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45.________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
Section III Translation
Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to
rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
Section IV Writing
Part A
Directions: The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name in the notice.
Part B
52: Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:
1) Describe the picture briefly;
2) Interpret the implied meaning, and
3) Give your comments
